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Food insecurity dramatically increased in Madagascar over the last 10 years, hampering human development. Using most recent data and surveys conducted by UN Agencies and local authorities, this paper analyzes the root causes of food insecurity in Madagascar related to demographic vulnerabilities, multidimensional poverty, lack of education, as well as structural weaknesses in the food value chain and the lack of basic infrastructure, such as irrigation and transportation, that hamper agricultural activity development. Moreover, Madagascar is exposed to a large variety of climate shocks that climate change will likely exacerbate. This paper formulates country specific macroeconomic and operational policy recommendations in collaboration with the World Food Program to reduce food insecurity, which include i) measures to improve the emergency response and preparedness, ii) policies to address structural food insecurity, by improving the food chain and addressing challenges posed by climate shocks, and iii) measures to improve Green PFM and climate related public investment management to invest in long-term resilience and mobilize external financing.

Money and Monetary Policy --- International Economics --- Environmental Economics --- Natural Disasters --- Agriculture & Food Policy --- Demography --- Monetary Policy --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- Agricultural Policy --- Food Policy --- Climate --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Global Warming --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- National Budget --- Budget Systems --- Demographic Economics: General --- Monetary economics --- International institutions --- Climate change --- Natural disasters --- Poverty & precarity --- Population & demography --- Monetary policy --- International organization --- Environment --- Food security --- Poverty --- Population and demographics --- International agencies --- Climatic changes --- Population --- Madagascar, Republic of

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Curbing corruption can help countries achieve higher and more inclusive growth. The paper focuses on the Middle East, North Africa, and the Caucasus and Central Asia. The roots of corruption often lie in poor economic governance, and thus improving governance of economic institutions can help curb corruption. While every MCD country possesses its own strengths and weaknesses, there are some common themes and problems that emerge.

Economics: General --- International Economics --- Bureaucracy --- Administrative Processes in Public Organizations --- Corruption --- Economywide Country Studies: Asia including Middle East --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Political economy --- International institutions --- International organization --- Economics

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Curbing corruption can help countries achieve higher and more inclusive growth. The paper focuses on the Middle East, North Africa, and the Caucasus and Central Asia. The roots of corruption often lie in poor economic governance, and thus improving governance of economic institutions can help curb corruption. While every MCD country possesses its own strengths and weaknesses, there are some common themes and problems that emerge.

Economics: General --- International Economics --- Bureaucracy --- Administrative Processes in Public Organizations --- Corruption --- Economywide Country Studies: Asia including Middle East --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Political economy --- International institutions --- International organization --- Economics

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Climate change is intensifying food insecurity across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) with lasting adverse macroeconomic effects, especially on economic growth and poverty. Successive shocks from the war in Ukraine and COVID-19 pandemic have increased food prices and depressed incomes, raising the number of people suffering from high malnutrition and unable to meet basic food consumption needs by at least 30 percent to 123 million in 2022 or 12 percent of SSA’s population. Addressing the lack of resilience to climate change—that critically underlies food insecurity in SSA—will require careful policy prioritization against a backdrop of financing and capacity constraints. This paper presents some key considerations and examples of tradeoffs and complementarities across policies to address food insecurity. Key findings include (1) Fiscal policies focused on social assistance and efficient public infrastructure investment can improve poorer households’ access to affordable food, facilitate expansion of climate-resilient and green agricultural production, and support quicker recovery from adverse climate events; (2) Improving access to finance is key to stepping up private investment in agricultural resilience and productivity as well as improving the earning capacity and food purchasing power of poorer rural and urban households; and (3) Greater regional trade integration, complemented with resilient transport infrastructure, enables sales of one country’s bumper harvests to its neighbors’ facing shortages. The international community can help with financial assistance—especially for the above-mentioned social assistance and key infrastructure areas—capacity development, and facilitating transfers of technology and know-how.

Food intolerance. --- Agribusiness --- Agricultural commodities --- Agricultural economics --- Agricultural industries --- Agricultural Policy --- Agricultural sector --- Agriculture & Food Policy --- Agriculture: Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis --- Agriculture: General --- Climate change --- Climate --- Climatic changes --- Commodities --- Economic sectors --- Economics --- Environment --- Environmental Economics --- Farm produce --- Food Policy --- Food prices --- Food security --- Global Warming --- International agencies --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Economics --- International institutions --- International organization --- International Organizations --- Investment & securities --- Investments: Commodities --- Macroeconomics --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Political Economy --- Political economy --- Poverty & precarity --- Poverty --- Prices --- Public Policy --- Kenya

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Curbing corruption can help countries achieve higher and more inclusive growth. The paper focuses on the Middle East, North Africa, and the Caucasus and Central Asia. The roots of corruption often lie in poor economic governance, and thus improving governance of economic institutions can help curb corruption. While every MCD country possesses its own strengths and weaknesses, there are some common themes and problems that emerge.