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Philosophical anthropology --- Enlightenment --- Other (Philosophy) --- History --- Africa --- Foreign public opinion, German. --- Civilization --- Philosophy.
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The informal sector in West Africa has some distinctive characteristics. Informality usually connotes small and unorganized producers operating on the fringes of the formal economy. In West African countries, however, the normal situation is to some extent reversed: a dynamic informal sector dominates the stagnant formal economy. Moreover, in these countries, small operators coexist with very large and politically well-connected informal enterprises and well-organized networks. Notwithstanding its importance, there have been relatively few systematic studies of this dual feature of the informa
Africa, West -- Economic conditions -- 1960. --- Informal sector (Economics) -- Africa, French-speaking West. --- Small business -- Africa, French-speaking West. --- Informal sector (Economics) --- Small business --- Management --- Business & Economics --- Industrial Management --- Africa, West --- Economic conditions --- Businesses, Small --- Medium-sized business --- Micro-businesses --- Microbusinesses --- Microenterprises --- Small and medium-sized business --- Small and medium-sized enterprises --- Small businesses --- SMEs (Small business) --- Hidden economy --- Parallel economy --- Second economy --- Shadow economy --- Subterranean economy --- Underground economy --- Business --- Business enterprises --- Industries --- Artisans --- Economics --- Size
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Informal sector (Economics) --- Small business --- Secteur informel (Economie politique) --- Petites et moyennes entreprises --- Africa, West --- Afrique occidentale --- Economic conditions --- Conditions économiques --- 331.32 --- 336.208 --- AFR / Africa - Afrika - Afrique --- Businesses, Small --- Medium-sized business --- Micro-businesses --- Microbusinesses --- Microenterprises --- Small and medium-sized business --- Small and medium-sized enterprises --- Small businesses --- SMEs (Small business) --- Hidden economy --- Parallel economy --- Second economy --- Shadow economy --- Subterranean economy --- Underground economy --- Structuur van de economie --- Grondslag, vereffening, inning en controle van de belastingen. Fiscale fraude. Zwartwerk. Parallelle economie --- Business --- Business enterprises --- Industries --- Artisans --- Economics --- Size
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Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for evaluating drug’s efficacy before or after marketing authorization. They thus make it possible to increase the internal validity of these trials. This type of design does not take into account patients who express a preference of treatment leading to their exclusion and also impacting the external validity of these clinical trials as well as the generalization of their result. Exclusion of some patients who express their treatment preference and who would benefit from it in the future constitute a representativeness issue. To take this preference into account, new designs have been developed. The purpose research is to investigate introduction of an additional arm or arms called “patient preference” in clinical trials design and how to take this preference into drugs studies. It was found that Torgerson and Bradley-Brewin’s patient preference designs may have a place in phase III of trials or post marketing authorization (MA) studies, or medical devices trials, or trials deals with of other than health products. Les essais cliniques randomisés et contrôlés (RCT) constituent le gold standard pour l’évaluation de l’efficacité des médicaments avant ou après leur mise sur le marché. Ils permettent ainsi d’augmenter la validité interne de ces essais. Cependant, ce type de design ne prend pas en compte les patients qui expriment une préférence de traitement conduisant à leur exclusion et impactant aussi la validité externe de ces essais de même que la généralisation de leur résultat. L’exclusion de certains patients exprimant leur préférence de traitement et devant bénéficier de ces derniers dans le futur constitue un problème de représentativité. Pour prendre en compte cette préférence, il a été développé de ces derniers dans le futur constitue un problème de représentativité. Pour prendre en compte cette préférence, il a été développé de nouveaux designs. L’objectif de ce travail de recherche est d’étudier la place que pourrait occuper l’introduction d’un bras ou de plusieurs bras supplémentaires intitulés « préférence des patients » dans le design des essais cliniques et comment prendre en compte cette préférence dans les études portant sur les médicaments. Il en ressort que les designs de « patient preference » de Torgeson et de Bradley-Brewin, peuvent avoir leur place dans le paysage des essais médicaments de phase III ou post autorisation de mise sur le marché (AMM), ou des essais portant sur des dispositifs médicaux ou des essais portant sur des protocoles hors produit de santé.
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic --- Patient Preference
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