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Why did the democratic experiment launched in the Republic of Congo in 1991 fail so dramatically in 1997? Why has it not been seriously resumed since then? In tackling these complex questions, John Clark provides a thorough analysis of more than fifteen years of Congolese politics. Clark explores a series of logical hypotheses regarding why democracy failed to take root in Congo, moving from political culture to economic performance, ethnoregional identities, French foreign policy, the role of militias, and institutional design. He also discusses the country's present "electoral authoritarian" regime. His conclusions shed light not only on the nature of Congolese politics, but also on the utility of the scientific approach to understanding the social world.

Government --- Political systems --- Internal politics --- Congo-Brazzaville --- Democracy --- Democratization --- Démocratie --- Démocratisation --- Congo (Brazzaville) --- Congo --- Politics and government --- Politique et gouvernement --- Democratic consolidation --- Democratic transition --- Political science --- New democracies --- Self-government --- Equality --- Representative government and representation --- Republics --- Démocratie --- Démocratisation

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Although all African states suffer the same peripheral status in world politics, they display variation in their foreign policies. How can we account for this variation? What role, if any, do the political identities of ruling elites play? Can patterns be seen in personalist vs. one-party dominant vs. multiparty regimes? The authors of Political Identity and African Foreign Policies address these questions, exploring the relationship between identity formation and foreign policy in nine African countries.

Africa, Sub-Saharan

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Internal politics --- International relations. Foreign policy --- Political systems --- anno 1990-1999 --- France --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- Africa, French-speaking --- Africa, West --- Afrique francophone --- Afrique occidentale --- Politics and government. --- Politics and government --- Politique et gouvernement --- #SBIB:328H41 --- #SBIB:327.4H21 --- #SBIB:AANKOOP --- Instellingen en beleid: Afrika: comparatief / diverse landen --- Kolonisatie / dekolonisatie / post-kolonisatie --- Francophone Africa --- French-speaking Africa

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Security, International. --- Africa --- Foreign relations. --- Politics and government. --- Security, International - Africa --- Africa - Foreign relations --- Africa - Politics and government --- Security, International

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Democracy --- Nation-state. --- Nation-state --- National state --- State, The --- National interest --- Self-determination, National --- Africa --- Politics and government