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This paper analyzes the impact of two distinct shocks stemming from the cross-border transmission of the 2007-2009 crisis on credit availability for small firms. The paper uses data from AccessBank Azerbaijan which was affected in its liquidity position during the second and third quarters of 2008 by delays in its refinancing. The Azeri real economy was hit by the global crisis from the fourth quarter of 2008 onwards with a combined decline in oil prices, exports, remittances, and domestic demand. Therefore, a pure supply side shock con be contrasted with a real economy shock that hit exactly when the bank's funding position strengthened again. The paper finds that during the funding shock (potential) borrowers are discouraged from applying for loans. However, for those applications made, the likelihood of loan approval is not affected. The real economy shock, in contrast, reduces the approval likelihood for SME loans in particular, while agro and micro loans are considerably less affected. Finally, bank relationships increase credit availability in good as well as in bad times.
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This paper exploits the emotional connections and viewer attentiveness of mainstream media to evaluate the economic impact of financial education messages on debt management delivered through a popular television soap opera in South Africa. The study uses a symmetric encouragement design to compare outcomes of individuals who were randomly assigned to watch a soap opera with financial messages, "Scandal!" to those of individuals who were invited to watch a similar soap opera without financial messages, "Muvhango." Both shows overlapped in evening primetime and had similar past viewership profiles. The financial storyline spanned two months and featured one of the leading characters of the show borrowing excessively and irresponsibly through hire-purchase, gambling, and ending up in financial distress; and eventually seeking help to find her way out. Two intermediate and one final follow-up surveys were conducted as part of the study. The analysis finds individuals assigned to watch Scandal had significantly higher financial knowledge of the issues highlighted in the soap opera storyline, in particular messages delivered by the leading character. On behavior, Scandal viewers were almost twice more likely to borrow from formal sources, less likely to engage in gambling, and less prone to enter hire purchase agreements. Messages promoting a national debt mediation helpline delivered by an external character did not sustain traction beyond immediate interest. Three qualitative focus groups highlight the importance of emotional connections with the leading character in motivating behavior change.
Access to Finance --- Banks & Banking Reform --- Debt Management --- Debt Markets --- Encouragement Design --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Education --- Financial Literacy --- Population Policies --- Private Sector Development --- Randomized Evaluation
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This paper analyzes the impact of two distinct shocks stemming from the cross-border transmission of the 2007-2009 crisis on credit availability for small firms. The paper uses data from AccessBank Azerbaijan which was affected in its liquidity position during the second and third quarters of 2008 by delays in its refinancing. The Azeri real economy was hit by the global crisis from the fourth quarter of 2008 onwards with a combined decline in oil prices, exports, remittances, and domestic demand. Therefore, a pure supply side shock con be contrasted with a real economy shock that hit exactly when the bank's funding position strengthened again. The paper finds that during the funding shock (potential) borrowers are discouraged from applying for loans. However, for those applications made, the likelihood of loan approval is not affected. The real economy shock, in contrast, reduces the approval likelihood for SME loans in particular, while agro and micro loans are considerably less affected. Finally, bank relationships increase credit availability in good as well as in bad times.
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This paper provides an overview of the state of access to bank financing for SMEs in five Sub-Saharan African countries and analyzes the drivers behind banks' involvement with SMEs. The paper builds on data collected through five in-depth studies in Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, and Tanzania between 2010 and 2012. The paper shows that the share of SME lending in the overall loan portfolios of banks varies between 5 and 20 percent. Reasons for this finding vary, but key contributing factors are the structure and size of the economy and the extent of Government borrowing, the degree of innovation mainly as introduced by foreign entrants to financial sectors, and the state of the financial sector infrastructure and enabling environment.
Access to Finance --- Bank Finance --- Banking Sector Structure --- Banks & Banking Reform --- Debt Markets --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Intermediation --- Private Sector Development --- Small and Medium Enterprise Finance --- Sub-Saharan Africa
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Der Band erarbeitet das generische Formenrepertoire und -potential in Periodika vom 18. bis ins 21. Jahrhundert im Spannungsfeld zwischen Fakten und Fiktionen. In Zeitungen und Zeitschriften werden narrative Traditionen aufgegriffen, kombiniert und verändert, sodass sich neue generische Muster, Narrative und Darstellungskonventionen ausbilden. Diese sind ein kreativer generischer Pool immer wieder neuer Schreibweisen und Genres.Die Beiträge analysieren in historischer wie in synchroner Perspektive zum einen die journalistisch-narrativen Spezifika von Fakten, Fiktionen und Kompositformen verschiedener Textsorten, Stile und Gattungen in Periodika. Zum anderen untersuchen sie deren spezifisch mediale Hybridisierung, die in Zeitungen und Zeitschriften durch die Synopse der vielfältigen Sparten, Spalten, Rubriken und Bilder zur polytextuellen Matrix ('mise en page') einer Heftseite oder Heftserie entsteht.
Presse et littérature --- Presse et littérature. --- Presse et littérature.
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Unter Ernst II. wurde die thüringische Residenzstadt Gotha im späten 18. Jahrhundert zu einem Zentrum der aufgeklärten Wissenschaften. In den 1770er und 1780er Jahren befasste sich ein größerer Kreis von bürgerlichen und adligen Amateurwissenschaftlern um den fürstlichen Mäzen mit den neuesten Erkenntnissen aus Physik und Chemie. Angeleitet wurden sie dabei von dem herzoglichen Archivar Ludwig Christian Lichtenberg, dem älteren Bruder des Göttinger Physikprofessors Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, der über den aktuellen Wissensstand und die nötigen Experimentierapparate verfügte. In Vorlesungen, Vorträgen, Aufsätzen, Lehr- und Forschungsexperimenten diskutierten die Gothaer über Entdeckungen und Theorien in den Naturwissenschaften, über Gott und Natur. Die Autorinnen und Autoren dieses Bandes stellen dar, vor welchem Hintergrund sich die Aktivitäten des Gothaer Liebhaberzirkels entfalteten, wozu geforscht, gelehrt und publiziert wurde, welche Kontakte in die europäische Gelehrtenwelt, zu Technikern und Instrumentenherstellern bestanden und welches Schicksal die wertvolle Gerätesammlung erfuhr. Mit seinem Einblick in die residenzstädtische Wissensproduktion, die auf der Grundlage der reichen Gothaer Überlieferung erschlossen wird, leistet der Band einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Wissensgeschichte der Aufklärung. --Franz Steiner Verlag
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FinTech has tremendous potential in the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region, given its high mobile phone and internet access levels and scope for increased use of digital payments. However, there are major regional differences between high-income and middle-income countries regarding access to technology, FinTech adoption, and regulatory capacity. This paper analyzes the opportunities and risks related to FinTech in the ECA region, focusing on these three key financial sector challenges: (i) high costs of international remittances, (ii) inefficiencies in the provision of domestic payments, and (iii) low levels of MSME's access to finance. It also analyzes the level of FinTech development in the region, and delves into the state of FinTech policy, regulation and supervision in the region along with an analysis of reform needs. Finally, this paper touches upon the role for international public policy coordination related to FinTech generally, with a focus on the ECA region.
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