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This paper considers various dimensions and sources of gender inequality and presents policies and best practices to address these. With women accounting for fifty percent of the global population, inclusive growth can only be achieved if it promotes gender equality. Despite recent progress, gender gaps remain across all stages of life, including before birth, and negatively impact health, education, and economic outcomes for women. The roadmap to gender equality has to rely on legal framework reforms, policies to promote equal access, and efforts to tackle entrenched social norms. These need to be set in the context of arising new trends such as digitalization, climate change, as well as shocks such as pandemics.

Women''s Studies' --- Gender Studies --- Wage Level and Structure --- Wage Differentials --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Public Policy --- Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: Public Policy --- Labor Discrimination --- Economic Development: Human Resources --- Human Development --- Income Distribution --- Migration --- Technological Change: Choices and Consequences --- Diffusion Processes --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Health: General --- Education: General --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Health economics --- Education --- Women --- Gender inequality --- Gender --- Health --- Sex discrimination --- Sex role --- India --- Sex discrimination in employment. --- Economic development. --- Gender equality. --- Women''s Studies'. --- Gender Studies. --- Wage Level and Structure. --- Wage Differentials. --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Public Policy. --- Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: Public Policy. --- Labor Discrimination. --- Economic Development: Human Resources. --- Human Development. --- Income Distribution. --- Migration. --- Technological Change: Choices and Consequences. --- Diffusion Processes. --- Economics of Gender. --- Non-labor Discrimination. --- Health: General. --- Education: General. --- women & girls. --- Social discrimination & equal treatment. --- Gender studies, gender groups. --- Health economics. --- Education. --- Women. --- Gender inequality. --- Gender. --- Health. --- Sex discrimination. --- Sex role. --- India. --- Women in development.

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The labor structure in sub-Saharan Africa is characterized by a high share of informal employment in the rural agricultural sector. The impact of COVID-19 on female employment may not appear to be large as the share of such employment is particularly high among women. Nevertheless, widespread income reduction was observed both in rural and urban households. This could worsen the opportunities for women as husbands’ control over the household resource is the norm. The paper also finds that rural children struggled to continue learning during school closures. Gender-sensitive policies are needed to narrow the gap during and post-pandemic.

Women''s Studies' --- Labor --- Diseases: Contagious --- Macroeconomics --- Particular Labor Markets: General --- Education: General --- Labor Discrimination: General --- Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Household Analysis: General --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Health Behavior --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Labour --- income economics --- Education --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Women --- Gender --- COVID-19 --- Health --- Income --- National accounts --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Economic theory --- Communicable diseases --- Nigeria

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We propose a dynamic production function of population health and mortality from birth onwards. Our parsimonious model provides an excellent fit for the mortality and survival curves for both primate and human populations since 1816. The model sheds light on the dynamics behind many phenomena documented in the literature, including (i) the existence and evolution of mortality gradients across socio-economic statuses, (ii) non-monotonic dynamic effects of in-utero shocks, (iii) persistent or “scarring” effects of wars and (iv) mortality displacement after large temporary shocks such as extreme weather.

Environmental Economics --- Demography --- Women''s Studies' --- Health: General --- Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts --- Economics of the Elderly --- Economics of the Handicapped --- Non-labor Market Discrimination --- Demographic Economics: General --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Environmental Economics: General --- Health economics --- Population & demography --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Environmental economics --- Health --- Aging --- Population and demographics --- Women --- Environment --- Population aging --- Population --- Environmental sciences --- France --- Mortality. --- Environmental Economics. --- Demography. --- Women''s Studies'. --- Health: General. --- Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts. --- Economics of the Elderly. --- Economics of the Handicapped. --- Non-labor Market Discrimination. --- Demographic Economics: General. --- Economics of Gender. --- Non-labor Discrimination. --- Environmental Economics: General. --- Health economics. --- Population & demography. --- Gender studies. --- women & girls. --- Health. --- Aging. --- Population and demographics. --- Women. --- Environment. --- Population aging. --- Population. --- Environmental sciences. --- France.

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The COVID-19 outbreak and the measures to contain the virus have caused severe disruptions to labor supply and demand worldwide. Understanding who is bearing the burden of the crisis and what drives it is crucial for designing policies going forward. Using the U.S. monthly Current Population Survey data, this paper analyzes differences in employment responses between men and women. The main finding is that less educated women with young children were the most adversely affected during the first nine months of the crisis.The loss of employment of women with young children due to the burden of additional childcare is estimated to account for 45 percent of the increase in the employment gender gap, and to reduce total output by 0.36 percent between April and November 2020.

United States --- Unemployment. --- United States. --- Labor. --- Women''s Studies'. --- Gender Studies. --- Macroeconomics: Production. --- Employment. --- Wages. --- Intergenerational Income Distribution. --- Aggregate Human Capital. --- Aggregate Labor Productivity. --- Fertility. --- Family Planning. --- Child Care. --- Children. --- Youth. --- Economics of Gender. --- Non-labor Discrimination. --- Human Capital. --- Skills. --- Occupational Choice. --- Labor Productivity. --- Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure. --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search. --- Education: General. --- Labour. --- income economics. --- women & girls. --- Social discrimination & equal treatment. --- Education. --- Women. --- Gender inequality. --- Gender. --- Economic theory. --- Sex discrimination. --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Child Care --- Children --- Economic theory --- Economics of Gender --- Education --- Education: General --- Employment --- Family Planning --- Fertility --- Gender inequality --- Gender Studies --- Gender studies --- Gender --- Human Capital --- Income economics --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure --- Labor Productivity --- Labor --- Labour --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Occupational Choice --- Sex discrimination --- Skills --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Unemployment --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Wages --- Women & girls --- Women --- Women's Studies --- Youth

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Quick vaccine rollouts are crucial for a strong economic recovery, but vaccine hesitancy could prolong the pandemic and the need for social distancing and lockdowns. We use individual-level data from nationally representative surveys developed by YouGov and Imperial College London to empirically examine the determinants of vaccine hesitancy across 17 countries and over time. Vaccine demand depends on demographic features such as age and gender, but also on perceptions about the severity of COVID-19 and side effects of the vaccine, vaccine access, compliance with protective behaviors, overall trust in government, and how information is shared with peers. We then introduce vaccine hesitancy into an extended SIR model to assess its impact on pandemic dynamics. We find that hesitancy can increase COVID-19 infections and deaths significantly if it slows down vaccine rollouts, but has a smaller impact if all willing adults can be immunized rapidly.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- International Economics --- Diseases: Contagious --- Demography --- Gender Studies --- Foreign Exchange --- Informal Economy --- Underground Econom --- Health Behavior --- Demographic Economics: General --- Health: General --- Economics of the Elderly --- Economics of the Handicapped --- Non-labor Market Discrimination --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Population & demography --- Health economics --- Gender studies, gender groups --- COVID-19 --- Health --- Population and demographics --- Aging --- Gender --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Communicable diseases --- Population --- Population aging --- Sex role --- United Kingdom