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The papers included in this Special Issue address a variety of important aspects of Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology of Plant Cytoplasmic Organelles, including new advances in the sequencing of both mitochondria and chloroplasts’ genomes using Next-Generation Sequencing technology in plant species and algae including important crop and tree species, in vitro culture protocol, and identification of a core module of genes involved in plastid development. In particular, the published studies focus on the description of adaptive evolution, elucidate mitochondrial mRNA processing, highlight the effect of domestication process on plastome variability and report the development of molecular markers. A meta-analysis of recently published genome-wide expression studies allowed the identification of novel nuclear genes, involved in the complex and still unrevealed mechanisms at the basis of communication between chloroplast and nucleus (retrograde signalling) during plastid development (biogenic control). Finally, an optimized regeneration protocol useful in plastid transformation of recalcitrant species, such as sugarcane, has been reported.

mitochondrial genome --- buckwheat --- plastid genome --- genetic diversity --- long reads --- targeted assembly --- genome assembly --- Fagus --- Fagaceae --- Fagales --- molecular marker --- mitochondrial marker --- taxon assignment --- CAPS marker --- SNP --- next-generation sequencing --- Solanum --- Italian landraces --- plastome --- molecular markers --- phylogenetic analysis --- plastid transformation --- sugarcane --- unfurled leaves --- streptomycin --- heteroplasmy --- mesophyll and bundle sheath cells --- plastids --- photomorphogenesis --- retrograde control --- biogenic signals --- lincomycin --- norflurazon --- pap7-1 mutant --- mitochondria --- RNA processing --- algal evolution --- circular RNA --- polycytidylation --- PacBio Iso-Seq --- Capparaceae --- chloroplast genome --- Cadaba --- Maerua --- phylogenetic relationships

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Epidemiological evidence from the last fifty years has demonstrated that nutrition plays a decisive role in human health. Eating properly is not only necessary to meet energy demands. It also actively contributes, through both preventive actions and therapeutic effects, to improving human wellness. Nutrition owes its functional role in human health to the biological activity of specific, small dietary molecules. Plants are the most important source of bioactive molecules, and dietary phytochemicals are mainly responsible for the documented protective effects of diets which are rich in plant foods. Dietary phytochemicals have attracted increasing interest in human nutrition research over the past few years due to their ability to exert several biological effects that are potentially useful for human health, In this Special Issue, the biological activity of dietary phytochemicals, either purified or in extracts from plant foods, and their potential effects on human health are addressed and investigated.

resveratrol --- bioactivities --- anticancer --- anti-obesity --- antidiabetes --- molecular mechanisms --- durum wheat bread --- Portulaca oleracea L. --- essential fatty acids --- omega-6/omega-3 ratio --- antioxidants --- Bangladesh --- vegetables --- polyphenols --- amylase --- glucosidase --- renin --- angiotensin-converting enzyme --- lipase --- mass spectrometry --- yeast --- antioxidant --- cytotoxicity --- bioavailability --- viability --- Punica granatum --- hydrolysable tannins --- flavonoids --- Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Orbitrap-Mass Spectrometry --- tempura --- deep-fried product --- barley --- buckwheat --- Job’s tears --- antioxidant capacity --- oil deterioration --- polyphenol --- oxidative stress --- necroptosis --- plant extract --- secondary metabolite --- γH2AX --- copper --- African food spices --- GC-MS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry) --- antimicrobial --- antibiofilm --- violacein inhibition --- swarming inhibition --- swimming inhibition --- anticholinesterase --- antiurease --- antityrosinase --- sensory analysis --- mineral content --- proanthocyanidins --- carotenoids --- antioxidant activity --- FRAP --- DPPH --- ABTS --- CAA --- n/a --- Job's tears

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This book provides readers with a good overview of the status and exciting developments in the identification of health-promoting properties and potential applications of nutraceutical substances. It includes papers focused on modern analytical instrumentation and new methods and biological tests applied to the evaluation of plant foods, derived products, herbal products, and food supplements and the phytochemical characterization of innovative natural sources of bioactive compounds and relative health-promoting properties.

Research & information: general --- phenolic compounds --- bud derivatives --- Ribes nigrum glyceric macerate --- green chemistry --- pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction --- untargeted spectroscopic fingerprint --- targeted chromatographic fingerprint --- common buckwheat sprout --- flavonoid isomer --- quercetin-3-O-robinobioside --- validation --- chromatographic separation --- anthocyanin --- chlorogenic acid --- flavonol --- polymeric color --- storage --- wild blueberry --- vinegar --- automatized method --- quantification --- Allium sativum L. --- agro-biodiversity --- local varieties --- bulb morphology --- phenols --- volatile compounds --- chestnut --- characterisation tool --- bioactive compounds --- sensory analysis --- multivariate approach --- fruit peels --- polyphenols --- phenolic acids --- flavonoids --- flavan-3-ols --- hydrolysable and condensed tannins --- antioxidant activities --- LC-MS and HPLC --- functional food --- fortified pasta --- β-glucans --- nutritional properties --- Corylus avellana L. --- nutrient composition --- hazelnut cultivars --- minerals --- tocopherols --- Solanum lycopersicum L. --- refrigerated storage --- fruit quality --- carotenoids --- total polyphenols content --- food analysis --- High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (HPLC–MS) techniques --- Orbitrap --- High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) --- natural substances --- antioxidant molecules --- n/a --- High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) techniques

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This book provides readers with a good overview of the status and exciting developments in the identification of health-promoting properties and potential applications of nutraceutical substances. It includes papers focused on modern analytical instrumentation and new methods and biological tests applied to the evaluation of plant foods, derived products, herbal products, and food supplements and the phytochemical characterization of innovative natural sources of bioactive compounds and relative health-promoting properties.

Research & information: general --- phenolic compounds --- bud derivatives --- Ribes nigrum glyceric macerate --- green chemistry --- pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction --- untargeted spectroscopic fingerprint --- targeted chromatographic fingerprint --- common buckwheat sprout --- flavonoid isomer --- quercetin-3-O-robinobioside --- validation --- chromatographic separation --- anthocyanin --- chlorogenic acid --- flavonol --- polymeric color --- storage --- wild blueberry --- vinegar --- automatized method --- quantification --- Allium sativum L. --- agro-biodiversity --- local varieties --- bulb morphology --- phenols --- volatile compounds --- chestnut --- characterisation tool --- bioactive compounds --- sensory analysis --- multivariate approach --- fruit peels --- polyphenols --- phenolic acids --- flavonoids --- flavan-3-ols --- hydrolysable and condensed tannins --- antioxidant activities --- LC-MS and HPLC --- functional food --- fortified pasta --- β-glucans --- nutritional properties --- Corylus avellana L. --- nutrient composition --- hazelnut cultivars --- minerals --- tocopherols --- Solanum lycopersicum L. --- refrigerated storage --- fruit quality --- carotenoids --- total polyphenols content --- food analysis --- High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) techniques --- Orbitrap --- High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) --- natural substances --- antioxidant molecules