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Shipping --- Baltic Sea --- Arctic Ocean
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Eutrophication. --- Maritime law. --- Baltic Sea.
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In the thirteenth century, crusading armies unleashed a relentless holy war against the pagan tribal groups of the Eastern Baltic, whose territories were conquered and reorganized into Christian states run by the Teutonic Order, bishops, and their cathedral chapters. Castles were built, towns established, and colonists encouraged to settle under the leadership of the new Christian theocracy. But the changes introduced alongside Christianity not only transformed the culture of eastern Baltic societies, but also had a profound and — for the Baltic tribes, who saw many aspects of the natural world as sacred — deeply significant impact on the local environment. This seminal period in the environmental history of north-eastern Europe has been the focus of the ERC-funded research programme, ‘The Ecology of Crusading’, which explored the physical and conceptual ecological transformations associated with warfare, colonization, and religious conversion. This is the first of two Terra Sacra volumes, which share the aim of changing our understanding of the environmental impact of crusading and colonization in northeastern Europe. The present volume provides a detailed inter-disciplinary comparison of the environmental transformations associated with the emergence of the crusader states of Livonia and Prussia. It draws on and integrates a range of archaeological, paleoenvironmental, historical, and cartographic sources in order to highlight the diverse impact of colonization and landscape reorganization that followed in the wake of the Baltic Crusades. The companion Terra Sacra volume complements this survey by presenting a number of case studies from across the eastern Baltic region.
Crusades --- Influence. --- Environmental aspects. --- Europe, Eastern --- History --- Environmental conditions --- History. --- Christian church history --- History of Eastern Europe --- anno 1200-1499 --- Baltic Sea Region --- Baltic Area --- Baltic Sea
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In the thirteenth century, crusading armies unleashed a relentless holy war against the pagan tribal groups of the Eastern Baltic, whose territories were conquered and reorganized into Christian states run by the Teutonic Order, bishops, and their cathedral chapters. Castles were built, towns established, and colonists encouraged to settle under the leadership of the new Christian theocracy. But the changes introduced alongside Christianity not only transformed the culture of eastern Baltic societies, but also had a profound and — for the Baltic tribes, who saw many aspects of the natural world as sacred — deeply significant impact on the local environment. This seminal period in the environmental history of north-eastern Europe has been the focus of the ERC-funded research programme, ‘The Ecology of Crusading’, which explored the physical and conceptual ecological transformations associated with warfare, colonization, and religious conversion. This second Terra Sacra volume draws together a series of case-studies on Livonia and Prussia that provide a unique snapshot of recent research into environmental change during the Baltic Crusades and also explore long-term trends in landscape organization and environmental exploitation. The volume covers six key themes: building-construction in the conquered territories; food supply to the houses of the Teutonic Order; life in the multi-cultural towns of the eastern Baltic; transforming the physical landscape; transforming the spiritual landscape; and the Baltic Ordensland in its regional context. It forms a companion to Environment, Colonization, and the Baltic Crusader States: Terra Sacra I.
Crusades --- Environmental aspects. --- Environmental aspects --- Europe, Eastern --- History --- Baltic Sea --- Christian church history --- History of Eastern Europe --- anno 1200-1499 --- Baltic Sea Region --- Baltic Area
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History of Germany and Austria --- anno 1200-1799 --- Baltic Sea Region --- Northsea Region
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Since prehistoric times, the Baltic Sea has functioned as a northern mare nostrum - a crucial nexus that has shaped the languages, folklore, religions, literature, technology, and identities of the Germanic, Finnic, Sámi, Baltic, and Slavic peoples. This anthology explores the networks among those peoples. The contributions to Contacts and Networks in the Baltic Sea Region: Austmarr as a Northern mare nostrum, ca. 500-1500 ad address different aspects of cultural contacts around and across the Baltic from the perspectives of history, archaeology, linguistics, literary studies, religious studies, and folklore. The introduction offers a general overview of crosscultural contacts in the Baltic Sea region as a framework for contextualizing the volume's twelve chapters, organized in four sections. The first section concerns geographical conceptions as revealed in Old Norse and in classical texts through place names, terms of direction, and geographical descriptions. The second section discusses the movement of cultural goods and persons in connection with elite mobility, the slave trade, and rune-carving practice. The third section turns to the history of language contacts and influences, using examples of Finnic names in runic inscriptions and Low German loanwords in Finnish. The final section analyzes intercultural connections related to mythology and religion spanning Baltic, Finnic, Germanic, and Sámi cultures. Together these diverse articles present a dynamic picture of this distinctive part of the world.
HISTORY / General. --- Baltic Sea --- Baltiĭskoe more --- Baltiskoye more --- Baltiyskoye more --- East Sea (Europe) --- Mare Suevicum --- Ostsee (Europe) --- History. --- Baltic Sea Region --- Relations. --- HISTORY / Europe / Baltic States. --- contacts, circum-Baltic, archaeology, history, mythology,.
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"De Hanze was dé ‘internationale’ handelsorganisatie van middeleeuws Europa. Toen zij in 1356 in Lübeck een officieel stedenverbond werd, had zij al een voorgeschiedenis van eeuwen. Ooit bestonden verschillende Hanzen, zoals de Vlaamse Hanze van Londen. De Hanze domineerde de handel op de Noord- en Oostzee. Haar buitenposten waren vier ‘Kantoren’ in Novgorod, Bergen, Londen en Brugge (later Antwerpen).De Nederlandse Hanzegeschiedenis concentreert zich rond de IJssel- en andere oostelijke steden: Deventer, Zutphen, Kampen, Zwolle, maar bijvoorbeeld ook Groningen, Stavoren, Nijmegen, Roermond. Voor Holland en Zeeland was het Hanzenetwerk eveneens belangrijk. Het leidde tot ingrijpende conflicten als de Hollands-Wendische Oorlog (1438-1441). De neergang voltrok zich in de zestiende eeuw. De oostelijke steden verloren hun positie. Voor Holland en Zeeland resteerde de ‘moedernegotie’: fundament van de wereldomspannende handel in de zeventiende eeuw.De Hanze. Kooplui, koningen, steden & staten schildert een kleurrijk panorama. Van Londen tot Novgorod; van Kampen, het ‘Rotterdam van de middeleeuwen’, tot de Waag van Doesburg. Vanaf de voorgeschiedenis passeren de verschillende fasen tot het langdurige einde. Met aandacht voor de Hanzeoorlogen, de robuuste kogge, de inzet van kaapvaart en de vage grens met zeeroof. Voor staatkundige ontwikkelingen, opmerkelijke actoren, de culturele erfenis – Hanzegotiek, portretkunst, literatuur en muziek. Zelfs voor ‘de Hanze na de Hanze’."
History of the Low Countries --- anno 1300-1399 --- anno 1400-1499 --- anno 1500-1599 --- Baltic Sea Region --- Northsea Region --- London --- Veliky Novgorod --- Bergen [Norway] --- Kampen --- Bruges --- Europa --- handel --- Middeleeuwen --- Hanseatic League. --- Hansa towns --- Netherlands --- Commerce --- History.
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Deterrence (Strategy) --- Security, International --- National security --- International cooperation. --- North Atlantic Treaty Organization --- United States. --- North Atlantic Treaty Organization. --- Baltic Sea. --- Sweden --- Finland --- Atlantic Ocean --- Finland. --- Scandinavia. --- Sweden. --- Military relations
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