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Virtually involved in all pathologies that present an inflammatory component, it is now evident that, in the central nervous system, chemokines and chemokine receptors possess pleiotropic properties beyond chemotaxis: costitutive brain expression of chemokines and their receptors on endothelial cells, but also on neurons and glia, suggests a role for such molecules in mediating homeostatic cross-talk between cells of the brain perenchyma. Cross-talk between neurons and glia is determinant to the establishment and maintenance of a brain environment that ensure normal function, and in particular glial cells are active players that respond to environmental changes and act for the survival, growth, differentiation and repair of the nervous tissue: in this regard brain endogenous chemokines represent key molecules that play a role in brain development, neurogenesis, neurotransmission and neuroprotection. As important regulators of peripheral immune response, chemokines are molecules of the immune system that play a central role in coordinating communication between the nervous and the immune systems, in the context of infections and brain injury. Indeed, in phatological processes resulting from infections, brain trauma, ischemia and chronic neurodegenerative diseases, chemokines represent important neuroinflammatory mediators that drive leucocytes trafficking into the central nervous system, facilitating an immune response by targeting cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. The third edition of the international conference "Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in the Nervous System", hold in Rome in October 2013, represented an exciting platform to promote discussion among researchers in different disciplines to understand the role of chemokines in brain homoestasis. This Frontiers Research Topic arises from this conference, and wants to be an opportunity to further discuss and highlight the importance of brain chemokines as key molecules that, not only grant the interplay between the immune and the nervous systems, but in addition drive modulatory functions on brain homeoastasis orchestrating neurons, microglia, and astrocytes communication.

Chemokines. --- Brain. --- Homeostasis --- Biological control systems --- Body fluids --- Physiology --- Cerebrum --- Mind --- Central nervous system --- Head --- Chemotactic cytokines --- Inflammatory peptides --- Intercrines --- Cytokines --- Inflammation --- Peptides --- Mediators --- brain pathology --- Pain --- neurotransmission --- Glioblastoma --- neurons-glia cross-talk --- Brain homeostasis --- Chemokines --- Chemokine receptors --- Homeostasis.

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"On July 9-10, 2014, the Institute of Medicine's Food Forum hosted a public workshop to explore emerging and rapidly developing research on relationships among the brain, the digestive system, and eating behavior. Drawing on expertise from the fields of nutrition and food science, animal and human physiology and behavior, and psychology and psychiatry as well as related fields, the purpose of the workshop was to (1) review current knowledge on the relationship between the brain and eating behavior, explore the interaction between the brain and the digestive system, and consider what is known about the brain's role in eating patterns and consumer choice; (2) evaluate current methods used to determine the impact of food on brain activity and eating behavior; and (3) identify gaps in knowledge and articulate a theoretical framework for future research. Relationships among the Brain, the Digestive System, and Eating Behavior summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop."--

Food habits --- Food preferences --- Nutrition --- Feedback --- Behavior --- Central Nervous System --- Digestive System and Oral Physiological Phenomena --- Behavior, Animal --- Digestive System Processes --- Homeostasis --- Nutritional Physiological Phenomena --- Physiological Processes --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Cybernetics --- Phenomena and Processes --- Nervous System --- Physiological Phenomena --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Anatomy --- Communication --- Information Science --- Brain --- Eating --- Digestive System Physiological Phenomena --- Feedback, Physiological --- Feeding Behavior --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Physiology --- Psychological aspects

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This book presents cutting edge methods that provide insights into the pathways by which salt and water traverse cell membranes and flow in an orchestrated fashion amongst the many compartments of the body. It focuses on a number of molecular, cellular and whole animal studies that involve multiple physiological systems and shows how the internal milieu is regulated by multifactorial gene regulation, molecular signaling, and cell and organ architecture. Topics covered include: water channels, the urinary concentrating mechanism, angiotensin, the endothelin system, miRNAs and MicroRNA in osmoregulation, desert-adapted mammals, the giraffe kidney, mosquito Malpighian tubules, and circadian rhythms. The book highlights how different approaches to explaining the same physiological processes greatly increase our understanding of these fundamental processes. Greater integration of comparative, evolutionary and genetic animal models in basic science and medical science will improve our overall grasp of the mechanisms of sodium and water balance.

Physiology --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Aquaporins. --- Homeostasis. --- Physiology, Comparative. --- Comparative physiology --- AQP (Proteins) --- Water channel proteins --- Water channels (Cell membranes) --- Life sciences. --- Human physiology. --- Biochemistry. --- Evolutionary biology. --- Animal physiology. --- Life Sciences. --- Animal Physiology. --- Evolutionary Biology. --- Human Physiology. --- Animal Biochemistry. --- Glycoproteins --- Membrane proteins --- Water-electrolyte balance (Physiology) --- Medicine, Comparative --- Zoology --- Biological control systems --- Body fluids --- Evolution (Biology). --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Human body --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Evolution --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Animal physiology --- Anatomy --- Composition