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This paper examines the “muscular Christianity” phenomenon in Mel Gibson’s 2004 film The Passion of the Christ and Ernest Hemingway’s 1926 short play, “Today is Friday.”

Jesus Christ --- Passion.

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Passion narratives (Gospels) --- Jesus Christ

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Christian literature, English (Middle) --- English prose literature --- Jesus Christ --- Passion. --- English prose literature - Middle English, 1100-1500. --- Jesus Christ - Passion.

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Das Werk erschließt alle in der Forschung bislang bekannten, mit Melodien überlieferten lateinischen Osterfeiern des Mittelalters und der Frühen Neuzeit nach einheitlichen Gesichtspunkten durch Editionen und Kommentare. Auf beiden Ebenen werden Melodie- und Textüberlieferung erstmals als Einheit angesehen. Das Korpus umfasst 375 Feiern des 10. bis 17. Jahrhunderts (und einige jüngere Ausläufer), die nahezu aus ganz Europa stammen. Jede Feier ist separat ediert und systematisch kommentiert. Dabei ergeben sich zahllose, z.T. weitreichende Korrekturen zur bisherigen Forschung. Die Ergebnisse der Einzelkommentare sind in edierten Osterfeiern zusammengefasst. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen zwar die herkömmliche Typeneinteilung der Feiern (Lange, Youg, de Boor), die Vielfalt der Befunde zeigt aber, daß innerhalb dieser Typisierung erheblich differenziert werden muss. Damit wird das Buch zu einem Grundlagenwerk zur Erforschung der lateinischen Osterfeiern, aber auch der Melodien zu den volkssprachigen Oster- und Passionsspielen. This volume includes all of the Latin Easter ceremonies transmitted from the Middle Ages and the Early Modern era together with melodies that are currently known to researchers. The compendium offers a unified approach to both melody and text. It includes a total of 375 ceremonies from the 10th through the 17th centuries (and a few more recent offshoots) that originate from many parts of Europe. Each ceremony is individually edited together with a systematic commentary. Frequently, the editing has involved extensive corrections to the findings from earlier research. The findings in the individual commentaries are summarized in extensive surveys on both melody and text tradition. While the editorial research confirms the accepted typology of the ceremonies (Lange, Young, de Boor), the diversity of the findings demonstrates the need to make extensive differentiations within this basic typology. This work is sure to become a fundamental resource for research on Latin Easter ceremonies as well as the melodies from vernacular Easter and Passion plays.

Easter music. --- Rites and ceremonies. --- Easter and Passion plays. --- Easter ceremonies. --- melody transmission. --- text transmission.

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The Arma Christi, the cluster of objects associated with Christ's Passion, was one of the most familiar iconographic devices of European medieval and early modern culture. From the weapons used to torment and sacrifice the body of Christ sprang a reliquary tradition that produced active and contemplative devotional practices, complex literary narratives, intense lyric poems, striking visual images, and innovative architectural ornament. This collection displays the fascinating range of intellectual possibilities generated by representations of these medieval 'objects,' and through the interdisciplinary collaboration of its contributors produces a fresh view of the multiple intersections of the spiritual and the material in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. It also includes a new and authoritative critical edition of the Middle English Arma Christi poem known as 'O Vernicle' that takes account of all twenty surviving manuscripts. The book opens with a substantial introduction that surveys previous scholarship and situates the Arma in their historical and aesthetic contexts. The ten essays that follow explore representative examples of the instruments of the Passion across a broad swath of history, from some of their earliest formulations in late antiquity to their reformulations in early modern Europe. Together, they offer the first large-scale attempt to understand the arma Christi as a unique cultural phenomenon of its own, one that resonated across centuries in multiple languages, genres, and media. The collection directs particular attention to this array of implements as an example of the potency afforded material objects in medieval and early modern culture, from the glittering nails of the Old English poem Elene to the coins of the Middle English poem 'Sir Penny,' from garments and dice on Irish tomb sculptures to lanterns and ladders in Hieronymus Bosch's panel painting of St. Christopher, and from the altar of the Sistine Chapel to the printed prayer books of the Reformation.

Arma Christi --- Devotional objects --- Instruments de la Passion --- Objets de dévotion --- Catholic Church. --- Eglise catholique --- Jesus Christ --- Passion --- Art. --- Christian art and symbolism --- Christianity and the arts --- Material culture --- History --- Relics --- Art --- Objets de dévotion --- Arma Christi. --- Thematology --- Iconography --- Christian special devotions --- Christian art and symbolism - Medieval, 500-1500 --- Material culture - History --- Jesus Christ - Relics - Art