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Evidence (Law)

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Fingerprints. --- Fingerprints --- Evidence, Criminal --- Evidence (Law) --- Identification. --- United States.

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La preuve est au cœur de la responsabilité civile. La jurisprudence de ces dernières années en est la manifestation patente. De fait, la preuve focalise l’attention de tous les acteurs des litiges judiciaires. Le plaideur (ou son avocat) doit convaincre le juge de sa version des faits. Le juge, à son tour, doit contrôler la véracité des allégations. Et pour atteindre leurs buts, chacun de ces acteurs peut recourir à l’avis d’experts. Le présent volume analyse le jeu entre ces différents protagonistes, les difficultés auxquelles ils sont confrontés et les rapports juridiques qui se nouent entre eux. L’on songe notamment au médecin, souvent pris à partie, et à l’expert médical. Une place spéciale a été dédiée aux règles du nouveau Code de procédure civile, entrées en vigueur le 1er janvier 2011.

Evidence (Law) --- Haftung (Privatrecht) --- Beweis --- Zivilprozessrecht --- Schweiz --- E-books --- Evidence (Law) - Switzerland - Congresses --- Responsabilité civile --- Preuve (droit) --- Suisse

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This study provides a comparative analysis of the national legal regimes and practices governing the use of intelligence information as evidence in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden. It explores notably how national security can be invoked to determine the classification of information and evidence as 'state secrets' in court proceedings and whether such laws and practices are fundamental rights and rule of law-compliant. The study finds that, in the majority of Member States under investigation, the judiciary is significantly hindered in effectively adjudicating justice and guaranteeing the rights of the defence in 'national security' cases. The research also illustrates that the very term 'national security' is nebulously defined across the Member States analysed, with no national definition meeting legal certainty and "in accordance with the law" standards and a clear risk that the executive and secret services may act arbitrarily. The study argues that national and transnational intelligence community practices and cooperation need to be subject to more independent and effective judicial accountability and be brought into line with EU 'rule of law' standards.

Defense information, Classified. --- Evidence (Law) --- Intelligence service --- National security --- Law and legislation

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Police --- Police stations --- Air --- Volatile organic compounds --- Drugs of abuse --- Evidence (Law) --- Health and hygiene --- Heating and ventilation --- Analysis.