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Antibiotic allergy and more generally drug allergy, results from interaction between a pharmacological agent (here, the antibiotic) and the human immune system. It may occur in the form of immediate or delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Immediate reaction is usually antibody IgE-mediated, whereas non immediate hypersensitivity reaction is usually T-cell mediated Any organ may be affected by the reaction, but the skin is most commonly involved, The diagnosis is based, first of all, on the identification of the putative antibiotic from a detailed and accurate drug history, complemented by validated allergological tests If it’s not sufficient, challenge test will be carried out Although allergic reactions to antibiotics represents only a small proportion of reported adverse drug reactions, they are associated with substantial morbidity, mortality and increased health costs. Data on incidence and prevalence of these reactions are available, but they should be interpreted with caution, because of the lack of precise and reliable studies The three major risk factors for these reactions include the chemical structure of the antibiotic, genetic and environmental factors. The treatment is largely supportive and includes discontinuation of the offending antibiotic, administration of antibiotic from an other category, symptomatic treatment and patient education. When no other curative treatment is available, the physician requires the desensitisation drug procedure. The pharmacist is generally the first one to be consulted to obtain medical advice, and therefore it is important to give him practical tools L’allergie aux antibiotiques et plus largement aux médicaments, provient de l’interaction entre un agent pharmacologique (ici, l’antibiotique) et le système immunitaire humain Elle peut se manifester sous forme de réaction d’hypersensibilité immédiate ou retardée La réaction immédiate fait intervenir les anticorps IgE, tandis que la réaction retardée fait appel aux lymphocytes T. Tous les organes peuvent être concernes par cette réaction, mais la peau demeure celui qui est le plus fréquemment touché. Le diagnostic est base avant tout sur l’identification de l’antibiotique suspect, grâce a l’histoire médicamenteuse précise du patient ainsi que les tests allergiques valides Si cela est insuffisant, alors le test de provocation sera réalisé. Bien que les réactions allergiques aux antibiotiques ne représentent qu’une petite proportion des effets secondaires des médicaments, elles sont cependant associées à une morbidité et mortalité importantes et à une augmentation des coûts de soins de santé. Les données concernant l’incidence et la prévalence de ces réactions sont disponibles mais doivent toutefois être interprétées avec prudence étant donné le manque d’études précises et valides. Les trois plus grands facteurs de risques de ces réactions sont la structure chimique de l’antibiotique, les facteurs génétiques et environnementaux. Le traitement comprend l’arrêt de l’antibiotique, l’instauration d’un traitement antibiotique d’une autre classe, un traitement symptomatique ainsi que l’éducation du patient concernant son allergie. S’il n’existe aucun autre antibiotique disponible, le médecin aura alors recours à la procédure de désensibilisation à l’antibiotique concerné. Le pharmacien est généralement le premier à être consulté en vue d’obtenir des conseils, et c’est pour cela qu’il est important de lui donner des outils pratiques
Drug Hypersensitivity --- Hypersensitivity --- Desensitization, Immunologic --- Pharmacists
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The pathomechanisms of allergy are quite well investigated and the disease-causing allergens are characterized in great detail down to their molecular structures. We are thus beginning to see several new strategies for allergen-specific immunotherapy on the horizon, several of which are summarized in this issue. It thus seems that hundred years after the first experimental attempts to “desensitize” hayfever patients we are now capable of developing powerful and rational forms of immunotherapy which hold promise for curing allergy sufferers and eventually may allow real prophylactic vaccination against allergy. It is thus quite possible that allergy may become eradicated similar as certain forms of infectious diseases through vaccination.
Allergy desensitization --- Allergy --- Antigens --- Biological Products --- Immunosuppression --- Investigative Techniques --- Immune System Diseases --- Biological Factors --- Diseases --- Complex Mixtures --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Immunotherapy --- Immunologic Techniques --- Immunomodulation --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Biological Therapy --- Therapeutics --- Desensitization, Immunologic --- Allergens --- Hypersensitivity --- Vaccines --- Methods --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Biology --- Pharmacy, Therapeutics, & Pharmacology --- Clinical Immunology --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Vaccination --- Allergy desensitization. --- Vaccination. --- Allergic diseases --- Allergies --- Hypersensitivity, Immediate --- Immediate allergy --- Immediate hypersensitivity --- Desensitization, Allergy --- Hyposensitization therapy --- Medicine. --- Immunology. --- Vaccines. --- Biomedicine. --- Vaccine. --- Biologicals --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Immunization --- Immunologic diseases --- Immunoglobulin E
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