Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Embryology, Human --- Human reproductive technology --- Medical anthropology --- Tissue culture --- Social aspects

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The adv antages of those systems are counterbalanced by some important dis- vantages. For one, in heterotrophic and mixotrophic systems high concentrations of organic ingredients are required in the nutrient medium (particularly sugar at 2% or more), associated with a high risk of microbial contamination. How, and to which extent this can be avoided will be dealt with in Chapter 3. Other disadvantages are the difficulties and limitations of extrapolating results based on tissue or cell c- tures, to interpreting phenomena occurring in an intact plant during its development. It has always to be kept in mind that tissue cultures are only model systems, with all positive and negative characteristics inherent of such experimental setups. To be realistic, a direct duplication of in situ conditions in tissue culture systems is still not possible even today in the 21st century, and probably never will be. The organization of the genetic system and of basic cell structures is, however, essentially the same, and therefore tissue cultures of higher plants should be better suited as model s- tems than, e.g., cultures of algae, often employed as model systems in physiological or biochemical investigations. The domain cell and tissue culture is rather broad, and necessarily unspecif ic. In terms of practical aspects, basically five areas can be distinguished (see Figs. 1.1 , 1.2 ), which here shall be briefly surveyed before being discussed later at length.

Biological techniques --- General embryology. Developmental biology --- Plant physiology. Plant biophysics --- Biotechnology --- systematische plantkunde --- biologische technieken --- biotechnologie --- cytologie --- celprocessen --- Plant cell biotechnology. --- Plant cell culture. --- Plant tissue culture. --- Tissue culture --- Cell culture --- Plant cells in biotechnology --- Plant biotechnology

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Urology is the branch of medicine dealing with disorders or diseases of the male genitor-urinary tract and the female urinary tract. This important book summarises the wealth of recent research on the use of biomaterials and tissue engineering to treat urological disorders.Part one reviews the fundamentals with chapters on such topics as biofilms and encrustation formation. Part two then discusses recent advances in biomaterials and design of urological devices such as metal ureteral stents, self-lubricating catheter materials and penile implants. Chapters in Part three address urologi

Biomedical materials. --- Tissue engineering --- Urinary organs --- Urological prostheses. --- Methodology. --- Surgery. --- Genitourinary prostheses --- Urinary prostheses --- Genitourinary organs --- Prosthesis --- Biomedical engineering --- Regenerative medicine --- Tissue culture --- Biocompatible materials --- Biomaterials --- Medical materials --- Medicine --- Materials --- Biocompatibility --- Surgery --- Bioartificial materials --- Hemocompatible materials --- Biomaterials (Biomedical materials)

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The studies on Biohydrogels have had a rapid, exponential evolution in the last decades. Starting from one of the first applications of hydrogels in surgery, polyvinylalcohol crosslinked with formaldehyde under the trade name of Ivalon, we passed through PolyHema hydrogels as contact lens materials, hydrophilic polyurethanes (HPU), biodegradable hydrogels for both reconstructive surgery and pharmaceutical delivery systems, and finally more recently, one decade old, the thermoreversible and transient network hydrogels. Of course all these classes of hydrogels have been always and continuosly studied, improving their performance and field of applications. Recently, most of them have been used as scaffolds for cells, even stem ones, for regenerative applications (tissue engineering). Nevertheless hydrogels are odd materials and many studies still have to be carried out to fully understand their behaviour from mechanical, physicochemical and biological point of view.

Biocompatible Materials. --- Colloids. --- Polymers in medicine. --- Polymers. --- Colloids --- Chemistry --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Chemical Engineering --- Chemistry - General --- Tissue engineering. --- Dispersoids --- Gels --- Hydrogels --- Sols --- Chemistry. --- Biochemical engineering. --- Chemical engineering. --- Biomaterials. --- Chemistry/Food Science, general. --- Biochemical Engineering. --- Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering. --- Biocompatible materials --- Biomaterials --- Medical materials --- Medicine --- Biomedical engineering --- Materials --- Biocompatibility --- Prosthesis --- Chemistry, Industrial --- Engineering, Chemical --- Industrial chemistry --- Engineering --- Chemistry, Technical --- Metallurgy --- Bio-process engineering --- Bioprocess engineering --- Biochemistry --- Biotechnology --- Chemical engineering --- Physical sciences --- Regenerative medicine --- Tissue culture --- Amorphous substances --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Diffusion --- Matter --- Micelles --- Particles --- Rheology --- Solution (Chemistry) --- Surface chemistry --- Properties --- Bioartificial materials --- Hemocompatible materials --- Biomaterials (Biomedical materials)

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The editors of this special volume would first like to thank all authors for their excellent contributions. We would also like to thank Prof. Dr. Thomas Scheper, Dr. Marion Hertel and Ulrike Kreusel for providing the opportunity to compose this volume and Springer for organizational and technical support. Tissue engineering represents one of the major emerging fields in modern b- technology; it combines different subjects ranging from biological and material sciences to engineering and clinical disciplines. The aim of tissue engineering is the development of therapeutic approaches to substitute diseased organs or tissues or improve their function. Therefore, three dimensional biocompatible materials are seeded with cells and cultivated in suitable systems to generate functional tissues. Many different aspects play a role in the formation of 3D tissue structures. In the first place the source of the used cells is of the utmost importance. To prevent tissue rejection or immune response, preferentially autologous cells are now used. In particular, stem cells from different sources are gaining exceptional importance as they can be differentiated into different tissues by using special media and supplements. In the field of biomaterials, numerous scaffold materials already exist but new composites are also being developed based on polymeric, natural or xenogenic sources. Moreover, a very important issue in tissue en- neering is the formation of tissues under well defined, controlled and reprod- ible conditions. Therefore, a substantial number of new bioreactors have been developed.

Tissue engineering --- Bioreactors --- Tissue Engineering --- Culture Techniques --- Biotechnology --- Equipment and Supplies --- Technology --- Clinical Laboratory Techniques --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Technology, Industry, and Agriculture --- Investigative Techniques --- Technology, Industry, Agriculture --- Biomedical Engineering --- Bioengineering --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Mechanical Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Bioreactors. --- Tissue engineering. --- Biochemical reactors --- Reactors, Biochemical --- Chemistry. --- Human genetics. --- Medical microbiology. --- Molecular biology. --- Biotechnology. --- Biochemistry. --- Human Genetics. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Medical Microbiology. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Chemical engineering --- Genetic engineering --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biochemistry --- Biophysics --- Biomolecules --- Systems biology --- Genetics --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Physical sciences --- Composition --- Biomedical engineering --- Regenerative medicine --- Tissue culture --- Biochemical engineering --- Chemical reactors --- Equipment and supplies --- Medicine. --- Microbiology. --- Microbial biology --- Microorganisms --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Life sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Health Workforce --- Medical genetics. --- Medicine --- Medical Genetics. --- Biomedical Research. --- Research. --- Biological research --- Biomedical research --- Clinical genetics --- Diseases --- Heredity of disease --- Human genetics --- Genetic disorders --- Genetic aspects