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The study of plant invasions is the science that attempts to understand causes and consequences of plant introductions outside of their native areas. Invasive plants have an impact on global biodiversity and ecosystem function, and their management is a complex and formidable task. The applied aspects of this study include the health and economic impacts of invasions. Although research on plant invasions has progressed remarkably during the past several decades, scientists are still looking for answers to basic questions. Such questions are: (1) What are invaders? (2) Can we predict invaders? (3) What are mechanisms of exclusion of native species by invaders? (4) How general principles in ecology can be used to predict and understand plant invasions? (5) What makes a habitat susceptible to invasion? (6) What agricultural practices influence invasion? (7) What impact invaders may have on ecosystem processes and community structure? (8) What are causes, mechanisms and consequences of plant invasions (9) What are the environmental and economic costs of invasion? (10) What management strategies are needed to check invasion? In an effort to answer these questions, contributing authors have strived to provide up-to-date reviews and discussions of invasion-related research involving natural and agroecosystems. Readers will get a unique perspective on ecological and agricultural aspects of plant invasions through employing general principles of ecology to plant invasions.
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Fluid mechanics --- Solid state physics --- Macromolecules --- Inorganic chemistry --- Human biochemistry --- medische biochemie --- biochemie --- anorganische chemie --- fysica --- mechanica --- polymeren --- moleculaire biologie --- fysicochemie
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the 1905 obituary of John McLoughlin, Jr. , in Publisher's Weekly declared,Every child in the land knows the McLoughlin books. . . . In fact,the history in the last decade of colored toy books for youngsters is the history of Mr. McLoughlin and his firm. McLoughlin Brothers held an important role in the children's book publishing world. In fact,as my husband, the late Arthur Liman, and I discovered in our research, the firm was instrumental in creating it. The publisher's preeminence in the field was the result of its entrepreneurial spirit,creativity,competiti- ness,foresight,and perseverance How was it,then,that Arthur an intense attorney with character- tics similar to that of McLoughlin Brothers ended up sitting behind a collectors' convention booth selling children's books and games,all the while reading a brief? Or charging at lightning speed,flashlight in hand, amidst rain and mud in the early morning hours,through a remote co- try antiques fair? Or mysteriouslyvanishing from a critical corporate c- ference to negotiate,instead,with a slightly disheveled dealer waiting in his office,or to aggressively bid by phone at a London auction? And what were all those mail ordercatalogs,letters of offerings,and bills of sale for Aunt Mavor's Present McLoughlin Brothers books doing commingled with court papers? for a Good Little Girl Published by George Routledge & Co. , For twenty years, Arthur was this crazy closet collector. His London and NewYork big-deal clients could never have imagined where or how he spent his 1856 weekends.
Illustrated children's books --- Illustration of books --- Illustrated books --- Private collections --- Liman, Arthur L. --- Liman, Ellen --- Art collections. --- Books --- Book illustration --- Art --- Decoration and ornament --- Pictures --- Children's illustrated books --- Illustrated books, Children's --- Children's books --- Architectural design. --- Graphic Design. --- Design --- Structural design --- Graphic design.
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This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the growing field of nuclear condensed matter physics with synchrotron radiation, a technique which finds numerous applications in fields such as magnetism, physics of surfaces and interfaces, lattice dynamics and more. Due to the enormous brilliance of modern synchrotron radiation sources, the method is particularly suited for the investigation of low-dimensional structures such as thin films and nanoparticles. The use of isotopic probe layers, for example, allows one to determine magnetic and vibrational properties with very high spatial resolution; focusing techniques and x-ray interference effects lead to a very high sensitivity for smallest amounts of material. The book is written on an introductory level with many examples employed to illustrate the special experimental possibilities.
Synchrotron radiation --- Scattering (Physics) --- Condensed matter --- Nuclear physics --- Industrial applications. --- Research --- Methodology. --- Physics - General --- Nuclear Physics --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- 538.9 --- 539.14 --- Physics of condensed matter (in liquid state and solid state) --- Nuclei --- 539.14 Nuclei --- 538.9 Physics of condensed matter (in liquid state and solid state) --- Bremsstrahlung, Magnetic --- Emission, Synchrotron --- Magnetic bremsstrahlung --- Synchrotron emission --- Electromagnetic waves --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Condensed materials --- Condensed media --- Condensed phase --- Materials, Condensed --- Media, Condensed --- Phase, Condensed --- Liquids --- Matter --- Solids
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An overview of essential concepts in supramolecular chemistry covering basic and applied reseach work. Macrocyclic Chemistry: Current Trends and Future Perspectives illustrates essential concepts in this expanding research field covering both basic and applied studies. Written by well-known experts from around the world, the topics of the chapters range from new macrocyclic architectures with different functions and self-assembly processes through to the modeling and dynamics of such systems. The content also reflects on application possibilities in analytical chemistry, separation processes, material preparation and medicine. Thus this book serves as a creative source of research strategies and methodic tools. Providing an excellent overview of the field, this book will a valuable resource for researchers in industry and academic institutions as well as for teachers of science and graduate students. Karsten Gloe is Professor of Coordination Chemistry at the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, TU Dresden, Germany. This book is devoted to the long-standing tradition of the International Symposia on Macrocyclic Chemistry (ISMC) and published to coincide with the 30th meeting, Dresden, Germany.
Macrocyclic compounds --- Supramolecular chemistry --- 541.64 --- Compounds, Macrocyclic --- Macrocycles (Chemistry) --- Heterocyclic compounds --- Macromolecules --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- 541.64 Macromolecular chemistry. Polymerization products. Polycondensation products. Polyaddition products --- Macromolecular chemistry. Polymerization products. Polycondensation products. Polyaddition products --- Composés macrocycliques --- Chimie supramoléculaire --- EPUB-LIV-FT LIVCHIMI SPRINGER-B
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The world faces serious difficulties in obtaining the energy that will be needed in coming decades for a growing population, especially given the problem of climate change caused by fossil fuel use. This book presents a view of nuclear energy as an important carbon-free energy option. It discusses the nuclear fuel cycle, the types of reactors used today and proposed for the future, nuclear waste disposal, reactor accidents and reactor safety, nuclear weapon proliferation, and the cost of electric power. To provide background for these discussions, the book begins with chapters on the history of the development and use of nuclear energy, the health effects of ionizing radiation, and the basic physics principles of reactor operation. The text has been rewritten and substantially expanded for this edition, to reflect changes that have taken place in the eight years since the publication of the first edition and to provide greater coverage of key topics. These include the Yucca Mountain repository plans, designs for next-generation reactors, weapons proliferation and terrorism threats, the potential of alternatives to nuclear energy, and controversies about low-level radiation. Acclaim for the first edition: " ¦The book provides a superb background for scientists and those in technical fields. It provides probably all the information that many people, including government policy makers, will ever need...[a] well-written and balanced book. This book is recommended for anyone who wants a broad technical background on nuclear energy." -American Journal of Physics
nuclear physics --- deeltjesfysica --- quarks --- elementaire deeltjes --- Elementary particles --- particle physics --- Nuclear physics --- Nuclear engineering --- Génie nucléaire --- EPUB-LIV-FT SPRINGER-B LIVPHYSI --- Monograph
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EDOARDOCROCI IEFE - Università Bocconi, Milano, Italy Voluntary approaches in environmental policy represent a third wave of regulation in the environmental field. Command and control was the first wave. Its core is based on uniform emission standards, the respect of which needs to be enforced through extensive monitoring and severe sanctions. The expected cost of sanction for non-compliance, calculated as its amount multiplied for the probability to be caught, must be superior to the benefits of non-compliance, in order to let the sanction be effective. As the benefits of non-compliance can vary among firms, sanctions need to be very high in order to be effective. In fact sanctions are ordinary correlated to environmental damage and not to the benefits of non-compliance. But very high sanctions can be difficult to enforce as they appear unfair and can lead to dramatic consequences on firms and workers, up to shut-downs of plants. Ambient standards reduce these problems, but oblige the regulator to know a huge amount of information, regarding the specific contribution of each polluter to the polluted body. Information is difficult to obtain because of asymmetric information and costly to produce because it requires large and skilled regulating and enforcing organizations. Nevertheless complex regulation is the base of any environmental policy framework, as it allows the policy maker to fully exercise its power of composition of various interests in a relatively transparent way. Economic instruments were the second wave.
economische politiek --- milieurecht --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Relation between energy and economics --- Economic policy and planning (general) --- vervuiling --- milieuzorg --- economie --- Environmental law --- energie-economie --- Economics --- Environmental policy. --- Environmental law.
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The 12th International Symposium on Graph Drawing (GD 2004)was held d- ing September 29-October 2, 2004, at City College, CUNY, in the heart of Harlem, New York City. GD 2004 attracted 94 participants from 19 countries. In response to the call for papers, the program committee received 86 re- larsubmissionsdescribingoriginalresearchand/orsystemdemonstrations.Each submissionwasreviewedbyatleastthreeprogramcommitteemembersandc- ments were returned to the authors. Following extensive e-mail discussions, the program committee accepted 39 long papers (11 pages each in the proceedings) and 12 short papers (6 pages each). In addition, 4 posters were displayed and discussed in the conference exhibition room (2 pages each in the proceedings). Theprogramcommittee ofGD 2004invitedtwo distinguishedlecturers.P- fessorPaulSeymourfromPrincetonUniversitypresenteda newcharacterization ofclaw-freegraphs(jointworkwithMariaChudnovsky).ProfessorErikDemaine from MIT reported on his joint work with Fedor Fomin, MohammadTaghi - jiaghayi and Dimitrios Thilikos, concerning fast (often subexponential) ?x- parameter algorithms and polynomial approximation schemes for broad classes of NP-hard problems in topological graph theory. A survey of the subject by Professors Demaine and Hajiaghayi is included in this volume. As usual, the annual graph drawing contest was held during the conference. This time the contest had two distinct tracks: the graph drawing challenge and the freestyle contest. A report is included in the proceedings.
Computer science—Mathematics. --- Discrete mathematics. --- Algorithms. --- Computer graphics. --- Artificial intelligence—Data processing. --- Discrete Mathematics in Computer Science. --- Algorithms. --- Computer Graphics. --- Data Science. --- Automatic drafting --- Graphic data processing --- Graphics, Computer --- Computer art --- Graphic arts --- Electronic data processing --- Engineering graphics --- Image processing --- Algorism --- Algebra --- Arithmetic --- Discrete mathematical structures --- Mathematical structures, Discrete --- Structures, Discrete mathematical --- Numerical analysis --- Digital techniques --- Foundations
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This volume contains the proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Rewriting Techniques and Applications (RTA2005),whichwasheldonApril19- 21, 2005, at the Nara-Ken New Public Hall in the center of the Nara National Park in Nara, Japan. RTA is the major forum for the presentation of research on all aspects of rewriting.PreviousRTAconferenceswereheldinDijon(1985),Bordeaux(1987), Chapel Hill (1989), Como (1991), Montreal (1993), Kaiserslautern (1995), Rutgers (1996), Sitges (1997), Tsukuba (1998), Trento (1999), Norwich (2000), Utrecht (2001), Copenhagen (2002), Valencia (2003), and Aachen (2004). This year, there were 79 submissions from 20 countries, of which 31 papers were accepted for publication (29 regular papers and 2 system descriptions). The submissions came from France (10 accepted papers of the 23.1 submitted papers), USA (5.6 of 11.7), Japan (4 of 9), Spain (2.7 of 6.5), UK (2.7 of 4.7), The Netherlands (1.7 of 3.8), Germany (1.3 of 2.3), Austria (1 of 1), Poland (1 of 1), Israel (0.5 of 0.8), Denmark (0.5 of 0.5), China (0 of 4), Korea (0 of 4), Taiwan (0 of 1.3), Australia (0 of 1), Brazil (0 of 1), Russia (0 of 1), Switzerland (0 of 1), Sweden (0 of 1), and Italy (0 of 0.3). Each submission was assigned to at least three Program Committee m- bers, who carefully reviewed the papers, with the help of 111 external referees.
Machine theory. --- Computer science. --- Compilers (Computer programs). --- Artificial intelligence. --- Computer science—Mathematics. --- Formal Languages and Automata Theory. --- Computer Science Logic and Foundations of Programming. --- Compilers and Interpreters. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Symbolic and Algebraic Manipulation. --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Compiling programs (Computer programs) --- Computer programs --- Programming software --- Systems software --- Informatics --- Science --- Abstract automata --- Abstract machines --- Automata --- Mathematical machine theory --- Algorithms --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Recursive functions --- Robotics
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These are the proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty, ECSQARU 2005, held in Barcelona (Spain), July 6-8, 2005. The ECSQARU conferences are biennial and have become a major forum for advances in the theory and practice of r- soning under uncertainty. The ?rst ECSQARU conference was held in Marseille (1991), and after in Granada (1993), Fribourg (1995), Bonn (1997), London (1999), Toulouse (2001) and Aalborg (2003). The papers gathered in this volume were selected out of 130 submissions, after a strict review process by the members of the Program Committee, to be presented at ECSQARU 2005. In addition, the conference included invited lectures by three outstanding researchers in the area, Seraf´ ?n Moral (Imprecise Probabilities), Rudolf Kruse (Graphical Models in Planning) and J´ erË ome Lang (Social Choice). Moreover, the application of uncertainty models to real-world problems was addressed at ECSQARU 2005 by a special session devoted to s- cessful industrial applications, organized by Rudolf Kruse. Both invited lectures and papers of the special session contribute to this volume. On the whole, the programme of the conference provided a broad, rich and up-to-date perspective of the current high-level research in the area which is re?ected in the contents of this volume. IwouldliketowarmlythankthemembersoftheProgramCommitteeandthe additional referees for their valuable work, the invited speakers and the invited session organizer.
Artificial intelligence. --- Mathematical logic. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages. --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers
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