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Geochemistry --- 550.4 --- Chemical composition of the earth --- Chemical geology --- Geological chemistry --- Geology, Chemical --- Chemistry --- Earth sciences --- 550.4 Geochemistry --- Geochemistry. --- Géochimie --- Monograph

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To solve a crystal structure means to determine the precise spatial arrangements of all of the atoms in a chemical compound in the crystalline state. This knowledge gives a chemist access to a large range of information, including connectivity, conformation, and accurate bond lengths and angles. In addition, it implies the stoichiometry, the density, the symmetry and the three dimensional packing of the atoms in the solid. Since interatomic distances are in the region of100-300 pm or 1-3 A, 1 microscopy using visible light (wavelength Ä ca. 300-700 nm) is not applicable (Fig. l. l). In 1912, Max von Laue showed that crystals are based on a three dimensionallattice which scatters radiation with a wavelength in the vicinity of interatomic distances, i. e. X -rays with Ä = 50-300 pm. The process bywhich this radiation, without changing its wave­ length, is converted through interference by the lattice to a vast number of observable "reflections" with characteristic directions in space is called X-ray diffraction. The method by which the directions and the intensities of these reflections are measured, and the ordering of the atoms in the crystal deduced from them, is called X-ray struc­ ture analysis. The following chapter deals with the lattice properties of crystals, the starting point for the explanation of these interference phenomena. Interatomic distances Crystals . . . . . . . . . .

Radiochemical analysis --- fysicochemie --- X-ray crystallography. --- Radiocristallographie --- Inorganic chemistry. --- Organic chemistry. --- Geochemistry. --- Mineralogy. --- Physics. --- Inorganic Chemistry. --- Organic Chemistry. --- Physics, general. --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Physical geology --- Crystallography --- Minerals --- Chemical composition of the earth --- Chemical geology --- Geological chemistry --- Geology, Chemical --- Chemistry --- Earth sciences --- Organic chemistry --- Inorganic chemistry --- Inorganic compounds

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Stable Isotope Geochemistry is an introduction to the use of stable isotopes in the geosciences. It is subdivided into three parts: - theoretical and experimental principles; - fractionation mechanisms of light and heavy elements; - the natural variations of geologically important reservoirs. The 5th edition has been revised and extended and now includes a new chapter on palaeoclimatology. Special emphasis has been given to the growing field of "heavy" elements. Many new references have been added, which will enable quick access to recent literature. For students and scientists alike the book will be a primary source of information with regard to how and where stable isotopes can be used to solve geological problems.

Geochemistry. --- Isotope geology. --- Géochimie --- Géologie isotopique --- Géochimie --- Géologie isotopique --- Geochemistry --- Isotope geology --- Isotope geochemistry --- Nuclear geochemistry --- Nuclear geology --- Nuclear geophysics --- Stable isotope geology --- Chemical composition of the earth --- Chemical geology --- Geological chemistry --- Geology, Chemical --- Physical geology --- Chemistry --- Earth sciences --- Geology. --- Mineral resources. --- Mineralogy. --- Oceanography. --- Sedimentology. --- Mineral Resources. --- Petrology --- Oceanography, Physical --- Oceanology --- Physical oceanography --- Thalassography --- Marine sciences --- Ocean --- Crystallography --- Minerals --- Deposits, Mineral --- Mineral deposits --- Mineral resources --- Mines and mining --- Mining --- Natural resources --- Geology, Economic --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Natural history

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This book had its genesis in a symposium on gas hydrates presented at the 2003 Spring National Meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. The symposium consisted of twenty papers presented in four sessions over two days. Additional guest authors were invited to provide continuity and cover topics not addressed during the symposium. Gas hydrates are a unique class of chemical compounds where molecules of one compound (the guest material) are enclosed, without bonding chemically, within an open solid lattice composed of another compound (the host material). These types of configurations are known as clathrates. The guest molecules, usually gases, are of an appropriate size such that they fit within the cage formed by the host material. Common examples of gas hydrates are carbon dioxide/water and methane/water clathrates. At standard pressure and temperature, methane hydrate contains by volume 180 times as much methane as hydrate. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has estimated that there is more organic carbon contained as methane hydrate than all other forms of fossil fuels combined. In fact, methane hydrates could provide a clean source of energy for several centuries. Clathrate compounds were first discovered in the early 1800's when Humphrey Davy and Michael Faraday were experimenting with chlorine-water mixtures.

Natural gas --- Hydrates de gaz naturel --- Hydrates. --- Chemical engineering. --- Hydrates --- Chemistry, Physical organic. --- Chemistry, inorganic. --- Geochemistry. --- Physical Chemistry. --- Inorganic Chemistry. --- Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering. --- Hydrates de gaz naturel. --- Physical chemistry. --- Inorganic chemistry. --- Chemical composition of the earth --- Chemical geology --- Geological chemistry --- Geology, Chemical --- Chemistry --- Earth sciences --- Chemistry, Industrial --- Engineering, Chemical --- Industrial chemistry --- Engineering --- Chemistry, Technical --- Metallurgy --- Inorganic chemistry --- Inorganic compounds --- Chemistry, Theoretical --- Physical chemistry --- Theoretical chemistry --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical. --- Chemistry, Inorganic.