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Prebiotics such as oligofructose (OFS) are dietary fibers that escape enzymatic hydrolysis and selectively stimulate the growth of Bifidobacteria in the caeco-colon. The end products of fermentation, namely short chain fatty acids (SCFA), reach the liver and may modify the hepatic metabolism of lipids as shown in several animals models in PMNT laboratory. In rats, OFS lead to an increase in the amount of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in the caecum tissue. GLP-1 is a proglucagon derived peptide described not only for its action on insulin secretion and β cell proliferation but also known as a satietogenic agent.
The protective effect of OFS against liver steatosis has been shown in the obese Zucker fatty rat. The liver triglucerides accumulation was decreased by 57% with a temporary reduced feeding behavior, which led to a significant body weight reduction.
To better understand the influence of dietary intake and weight reduction on liver steatosis, Zucker rats were food restricted in order to stimulare the satietogenic effect of OFS. After 10 weeks, liver lipids were decreased about 23% in the restricted group without at least a significant difference in body weight. This data suggest a protective effect of temporary caloric restriction on liver steatosis persisting several weeks, independently on body weight. BR> Nevertheless, liver protection was stronger when associated witha lower weight observed in OFS fed rats.
Since OFS has been shown to increase the caecal GLP-1 amount, we decided to investigate, in the second part of this work, the effect of OFS (10%) or food restriction on diabetes induced in rats by streptozocine. Food restricted rats (STZ-RES) received the same amount of food than control group (CT). Streptozotocine treatment lead to an increase in caecal and ileal GLP-1 concentration, a phenomenon wich was more important in rats fed ad libitum (STZ-CT) than in food restricted (STZ-RES) or OFS treated rats (STZ-OFS).
GLP-1 concentration of STZ-OFS group was significantly higher in the colon compared with the others groups, resulting in a high level of portal GLP-1. This may explain the feeding behavior in STZ-OFS rats who significantly reduced food ingestion during four week-experiment. Portal GLP-1 could also be implicated in the partial recovery of β cells mass and plasma insulin level in STZ-OFS rats. The molecular mechanism explaining the promotion of intestinal GLP-1 production after OFS treatment remains to be elucided.
However, this data suggest that non digestable/fermentable carbohydrates could be interesting nutrients contributing to endogenous GLP-1 production Les fibroses alimentaires, de type oligofructose (OFS), ont la particularité d’échapper à l’hydrolyse enzymatique pour être fermentées au niveau du caeco-colon. Les produits finaux de la fermentation, les acides carboxyliques à chaîne courte (ACCC), sont absorbés au niveau du caeco-colon et atteignent le foie où ils modulent le métabolisme lipidique. La fermentation de ces fibres peut, outre leur effet trophique intestinal, augmenter la quantité de GLP-1 caecale. Ce peptide, issu du clivage du proglucagon intestinal, s’avère intéressant car il favorise non seulement la sécrétion d’insuline, mais promeut aussi une diminution de la prise alimentaire.
L’effet protecteur de l’OFS sur la stéatose hépatique du rat Zucker fa/fa a été démontré dans une étude préalablement réalisée au laboratoire (Daubioul et coll., 2000). Cet effet s’est accompagné, en début de traitement d’une restriction calorique temporaire générant par la suite une diminution significative et persistante de la prise pondérale. Afin de comprendre l’influence de l’OFS et de la perte pondérale sur la stéatose hépatique, nous avons mimé la restriction calorique que les rats s’imposaient lors du traitement à l’OFS. Même si après 10 semaines, le poids corporel était identique entre les deux groupes, l’accumulation de triglycérides hépatiques s’est vue réduite de 23%. Nos résultats indiquent premièrement qu’une restriction calorique temporaire est bénéfique même en cas de récupération du poids corporel et deuxièmement que le traitement à l’OFS est plus efficace que la restriction seuls, suggérant d’autres mécanismes potentiels (effets métaboliques des produits de fermentation, amoindrissement du poids corporel).
Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail, nous avons étudié l’influence de l’OFS sur le diabète induit, chez le rat Wistar, par l’injection de streptozoctine. L’hyperphagie consécutive à l’injection de streptozotocine a significativement augmenté la concentration en GLP-1 iléal et caecale, un phénomène amenuisé chez des rats soumis à une restriction calorique sévère. La concentration en GLP-1 colique est significativement plus élevée chez les rats traités à l’OFS, menant à une augmentation du GLP-1 portal. Cette constatation pourrait expliquer l’effet satiétigène de l’OFS sur toute la durée de l’expérience. Notons que la masse de cellules β de même que l’insuline sérique, sont faiblement améliorées par l’administration d’OFS. Des études futures seront donc nécessaires afin d’élucider le mécanisme moléculaire régulant l’induction de production de GLP-1 par les glucides non-digestibles/fermentescibles ; ces nutriments, si les effets suggérés par notre étude sont confirmés chez l’homme, pourraient s’avérer intéressants comme adjuvant au traitement du diabète
Homeostasis --- Rats, Zucker --- Steatitis --- Diabetes Mellitus --- Streptozocin
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Drinking (Physiology) --- Drinking --- Homeostasis --- Homeostasis. --- Osmoregulation --- Physiology, Comparative. --- Vertebrates --- Vertebrates. --- Water-Electrolyte Balance --- physiology.
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The risk assessment approach described in this monograph applies only to essential trace elements (ETEs) involved in human health and not to non-essential elements. The purpose of this monograph is to provide the scientific principles that support the concept of an ''acceptable range of oral intake'' (AROI), which uses a ''homeostatic model'' for determining the range of dietary intakes for essential trace elements (ETEs) that meet the nutritional requirements of a healthy population and avoid excess intakes. To facilitate comparisons, AROIs are discussed in relation to other risk assessment a
Nutritionary hygiene. 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Phenomena --- Nutritional Physiological Phenomenon --- Nutritional Physiology --- Nutritional Physiology Concepts --- Nutritional Physiology Phenomenon --- Nutritional Process --- Nutritional Processes --- Nutrition Physiological Phenomena --- Nutrition Physiology --- Nutrition Processes --- Nutritional Physiology Phenomena --- Concept, Nutrition Physiological --- Concept, Nutritional Physiology --- Concepts, Nutrition Physiological --- Concepts, Nutritional Physiology --- Nutrition Physiological Concept --- Nutritional Physiology Concept --- Phenomena, Nutrition --- Phenomena, Nutrition Physiological --- Phenomena, Nutritional --- Phenomena, Nutritional Physiological --- Phenomena, Nutritional Physiology --- Phenomenon, Nutrition Physiological --- Phenomenon, Nutritional Physiological --- Phenomenon, Nutritional Physiology --- Physiological Concept, Nutrition --- Physiological Concepts, Nutrition --- Physiological Phenomena, Nutrition --- Physiological Phenomena, Nutritional --- 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Assessment, Risk --- Benefit-Risk Assessment --- Risk Analysis --- Risk-Benefit Assessment --- Analysis, Risk --- Assessment, Benefit-Risk --- Assessment, Health Risk --- Assessment, Risk-Benefit --- Benefit Risk Assessment --- Benefit-Risk Assessments --- Benefits and Risks --- Health Risk Assessments --- Risk Analyses --- Risk Assessment, Health --- Risk Assessments --- Risk Benefit Assessment --- Risk-Benefit Assessments --- methods --- organization & administration --- Risk Assessment. --- Trace Elements. --- Nutritional Requirements. --- Environmental Exposure. --- Risk. --- Environmental Pollution. --- Risk Management. --- Nutritional Physiological Phenomena. --- Micronutrients. --- Epidemiologic Measurements. --- Organization and Administration. --- Growth Substances. --- Public Health. --- Physiological Phenomena. --- Probability. --- Food. --- Environment and Public Health. --- Statistics as Topic. --- Physiological Effects of Drugs. --- Health Services Administration. --- 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