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Housing finance markets in Central and Eastern European countries are typically small in scale and under-developed, though it is generally recognized that fostering housing finance markets contributes to economic development and brings social benefits to the public. This book presents a comparative study on housing finance markets in the Central and Eastern European countries. It is based on an OECD market survey conducted in 2004 and on selected country data prepared for the OECD workshop on housing finance in transition economies held in December 2004. It reports on the progress and challenges in housing finance markets in Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia and Ukraine.--Publisher's description.
Capital market - Europe, Eastern. --- Housing - Finance - Europe, Eastern. --- Mortgages - Europe, Eastern. --- Housing --- Business & Economics --- Real Estate, Housing & Land Use --- Finance --- Finance. --- Affordable housing --- Homes --- Houses --- Housing needs --- Residences --- Slum clearance --- Urban housing --- Social aspects --- City planning --- Dwellings --- Human settlements --- Logement --- Finances --- -Finance --- -Housing --- Radioisotopes --- Congresses --- Radioisotopes uses in energy production(Symposium) --- Energy production by radioisotopes(Symposium) --- Radioisotopes batteries --- -Radioisotopes
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Banks and Banking --- Investments: Metals --- Foreign Exchange --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Metals and Metal Products --- Cement --- Glass --- Ceramics --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Monetary economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Investment & securities --- Banking --- Currencies --- Currency convertibility --- Gold --- Exchange rates --- Multiple currency practices --- Money --- Foreign exchange market --- Banks and banking --- United States
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Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions 1972.
Foreign exchange administration. --- Banking --- Banks and Banking --- Banks and banking --- Banks --- Currencies --- Currency --- Depository Institutions --- Exports and Imports --- Exports --- Finance --- Finance: General --- Foreign Exchange --- Foreign exchange --- Government and the Monetary System --- Imports --- International economics --- International Trade Organizations --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Monetary economics --- Monetary Systems --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Money --- Mortgages --- Payment Systems --- Regimes --- Standards --- Trade Policy --- Trade: General --- France
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This paper focuses on current issues on the transmission process of monetary policy. The main process by which monetary forces influence the real economy in Keynesian income/expenditure models is through the cost-of-capital channel. In addition to the cost-of-capital channel, post-Keynesians also recognized two other channels, namely, the wealth effect on consumption expenditure and the credit rationing linkage between the financial and real sectors. One of the most significant post-Keynesian developments has been the emphasis on net private wealth as well as income as a factor influencing real flows of expenditures. The flow of services of outside money is the saving of time in barter transactions, which stems from the role of money as a medium of exchange. The saving of time may be used either for leisure or to produce capital goods. A fundamental and basic development in monetary theory subsequent to Keynes' liquidity preference theory has been the capital theoretic formulation of the demand for money.
Agricultural commodities --- Agriculture: General --- Banking --- Banks and Banking --- Banks and banking --- Banks --- Commodities --- Depository Institutions --- Exports and Imports --- Exports --- Farm produce --- Government and the Monetary System --- Income --- International economics --- International finance --- International monetary system --- International trade --- Investment & securities --- Investments: Commodities --- Macroeconomics --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Monetary base --- Monetary economics --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Monetary Systems --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Money --- Mortgages --- National accounts --- Payment Systems --- Personal income --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Public finance & taxation --- Regimes --- Standards --- Trade: General --- United States
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This paper discusses the role of the IMF in financial stability and planning in world trade. The paper highlights that the IMF was set up to assist in the maintenance of an international monetary system that is conducive to the expansion of international trade. To this end, the IMF was provided with both a regulatory and financial role. In the execution of these functions, the IMF has gradually evolved as a center for international financial cooperation and a source of advice and technical assistance to its members.
Banks and Banking --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Taxation --- Foreign Exchange --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- Labor Economics: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Banking --- Monetary economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Finance --- Tariffs --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Credit --- Money --- Taxes --- Currencies --- Exchange rates --- Foreign exchange --- Banks and banking --- Tariff --- Economic theory --- Labor economics --- International finance --- United States --- Income economics
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This paper describes what is a “World Bank Project.” The paper highlights that by the 1960s, the concept of a “project” had already widened. Starting in the late 1950s, the World Bank began expanding its lending into new sectors; today, the Bank lends for a wide variety of projects in agriculture, education, population planning, tourism, telecommunications, and water supply in addition to projects for electric power, transportation, and industry. Agricultural lending, in terms of the number of projects, is now the single most important sector.
Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Industries: Financial Services --- Foreign Exchange --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Monetary economics --- International economics --- Banking --- Finance --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Bank credit --- Loans --- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade --- Exchange rates --- Money --- Financial institutions --- International trade --- Credit --- Banks and banking --- Commercial treaties --- International finance --- United States
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This paper describes what the limits to growth are. The paper highlights that many critical variables in global society—particularly population and industrial production—have been growing at a constant percentage rate so that, by now, the absolute increase each year is extremely large. Such increases will become increasingly unmanageable unless deliberate action is taken to prevent such exponential growth. The paper also underscores that physical resources—particularly cultivable land and nonrenewable minerals—and the earth’s capacity to “absorb” pollution are finite.
Banks and Banking --- Investments: Metals --- Finance: General --- Investments: Bonds --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Metals and Metal Products --- Cement --- Glass --- Ceramics --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Environmental Economics: General --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Monetary Policy --- Finance --- Investment & securities --- Banking --- Environmental economics --- Monetary economics --- Commodity markets --- Gold --- Gold prices --- Environment --- Financial markets --- Commodities --- Prices --- Bonds --- Financial institutions --- Commodity exchanges --- Banks and banking --- International finance --- Environmental sciences --- United Kingdom
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This paper describes the IMF’s activities in developing countries. The paper highlights that there are several instances in which the Articles of Agreement require a member to consult on its policies with the IMF. Other actions by a member concerning the exchange rate of its currency, or its exchange regime generally require the IMF’s prior approval or concurrence. Under the IMF’s policy, a member also discusses with the IMF changes in its financial programs in support of which the use of the IMF’s resources has been pledged.
Exports and Imports --- Labor --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Agribusiness --- Education: General --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Innovation --- Research and Development --- Technological Change --- Intellectual Property Rights: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Monetary economics --- Education --- International economics --- Technology --- general issues --- Agricultural industries --- Economic theory --- Credit --- Colombia --- General issues --- Income economics
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