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De euro had de landen van Europa dichter bij elkaar moeten brengen en voorspoed moeten brengen. Het tegenovergestelde is gebeurd. De crisis van 2008 bracht de feilen van de gezamenlijke munt aan het licht. De stilstand van Europa en haar slechte vooruitzichten zijn het resultaat van de fundamentele tekortkomingen van de eu: economische integratie zonder politieke eenwording, en een Europese structuur die de verschillen vergroot in plaats van verkleint. De vraag is dan ook: kan de euro worden gered ? Joseph E. Stiglitz laat zien hoe ondoordacht het is dat de Europese Centrale Bank zich voornamelijk bezighoudt met het bestrijden van de inflatie en hij toont hoe bezuinigingen Europa hebben veroordeeld tot economische stilstand. Stiglitz schetst drie mogelijke toekomstscenarios. Het eerste behelst fundamentele veranderingen in de organisatie van de eurozone en in de maatregelen die de landen die het meest te lijden hebben krijgen opgelegd. Het tweede gaat uit van een doordacht uitgevoerde opheffing van de eu en het derde bestaat uit een totaal nieuw systeem dat uitgaat van een flexibele euro.Bron : http://www.bol.com

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Banque centrale européenne --- Monnaie européenne --- Union européenne --- Politique monétaire --- economische politiek.

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Rethinking fiscal and monetary policy in an economic environment of high debt and low interest rates. Policy makers in advanced economies find themselves in an unusual fiscal environment: debt ratios are historically high, while real interest rates are extremely low. Such a fundamental change, which seems likely to last, calls for a rethinking of the role of fiscal and monetary policy -- and this is just what Olivier Blanchard proposes in Fiscal Policy under Low Interest Rates . There is a wide set of opinions about the direction fiscal policy should take. Some, pointing to the high debt levels, make debt reduction an absolute priority. Others, pointing to the low interest rates, are less worried; they suggest that there is still fiscal space, and, if justified, further increases in debt should not be ruled out. Blanchard argues that low interest rates decrease not only the fiscal costs of debt, but also the welfare costs of debt. At the same time, he shows how low rates decrease the room for maneuver of monetary policy -- and thus increase the benefits of using fiscal policy, including deficits and debt, for macroeconomic stabilization. In short, low rates imply lower costs and higher benefits of debt. Having sketched what optimal policy looks like, Blanchard considers three examples of fiscal policy in action: fiscal consolidation in the wake of the Global Financial Crisis, the large increase in debt in Japan, and the current US fiscal and monetary policy mix. His conclusions hold practical implications for economic and fiscal policy makers, bankers, and politicians around the world.

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