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Three-dimensional printing is a futuristic technology capable of transforming the ways in which we make components and devices. It is almost certain that this technique will find its niche in the manufacturing sector in the very near future. In view of the growing importance of 3D printing, this book addresses key issues related to emerging science and technology in this area. Detailed and informative articles are presented in relation to a wide variety of materials, including those based on critical engineering metals such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium and composites. Advances in various techniques, such as electron beam melting and selective laser melting are discussed. Of key importance in the area of materials science is the end properties of the materials following processing. Accordingly, the articles presented critically discuss the effects of microstructural features such as porosity, forming defects and the heat treatment induced effects on the mechanical properties. Applications covered in these articles are targeted at the aerospace, automobile, defense and aerospace sectors. Overall, the information presented in this book is of significant importance for academic and industrial-based researchers who wish to inform themselves regarding this upcoming highly promising manufacturing technique.

composites --- laser metal deposition --- additive manufacturing --- titanium --- selective laser melting --- magnesium --- aluminum --- 3D printing --- electron beam melting

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3D printing is rapidly emerging as a key manufacturing technique that is capable of serving a wide spectrum of applications, ranging from engineering to biomedical sectors. Its ability to form both simple and intricate shapes through computer-controlled graphics enables it to create a niche in the manufacturing sector. Key challenges remain, and a great deal of research is required to develop 3D printing technology for all classes of materials including polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites. In view of the growing importance of 3D manufacturing worldwide, this Special Issue aims to seek original articles to further assist in the development of this promising technology from both scientific and technological perspectives. Targeted reviews, including mini-reviews, are also welcome, as they play a crucial role in educating students and young researchers.

n/a --- microstructure --- reversed austenite --- corrosion behavior --- advanced X-ray computed tomography (XCT) --- additive manufacturing --- forming defects --- single strut --- wear properties --- thermodynamic behavior --- laser deposition welding --- titanium alloys --- SLM structure performance --- porosity --- formation mechanism --- magnesium --- part redesign --- forming morphology --- microhardness --- bonding quality --- electron beam melting --- mechanical properties --- frame structure reconstruction --- aging behaviour --- aluminum matrix composites --- Selective Laser Melting (SLM) --- maraging steel --- tailored blanks --- selective laser melting --- selective laser melting (SLM) --- 3D printing --- Ti6Al4V

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The characterization of the physical and chemical properties of transition metals and their compounds under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature has always attracted the interest of a wide scientific community. Their properties have numerous implications in fields ranging from solid-state physics, chemistry, and materials science to Earth and planetary science. The present Special Issue represents a good example of such a broad interest and shows some of the latest advancements in the investigation of transition metals under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature.

vanadate --- kagome compound --- high pressure --- X-ray diffraction --- equation of state --- iodate --- infrared spectroscopy --- phase transitions --- grain refinement --- mechanical properties --- commercial purity aluminum --- zirconium --- Nb3Sn --- local atomic structure --- XAFS --- melting curves --- laser-heated diamond anvil cell --- extreme conditions --- synchrotron radiation --- transition metals --- iridium --- laser heating --- density-functional theory --- melting --- radial-distribution function --- quantum molecular dynamics --- melting curve --- solid–solid phase transition boundary --- multi-phase materials --- phase relation --- Earth’s core --- iron alloys --- high-pressure --- high-temperature --- thermodynamics --- eutectic spacing --- Al-Si alloy --- superheat --- electrical resistivity --- iron sulfides --- high temperature --- Ganymede --- thermal convection --- creep testing --- ME21 --- magnesium alloy --- size effects --- miniature specimen --- PbTe --- substitutional disorder --- thermal expansion --- bulk modulus --- atomic displacement --- low temperature --- compression --- Debye temperature --- n/a --- solid-solid phase transition boundary --- Earth's core

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This special issue provides a current snapshot of recent advances and ongoing challenges in the development of titanium alloys for biomedical implants and devices. Titanium offers significant advantages over other materials including higher strength and better biocompatibility. This issue highlights current trends and recent developments, including the uptake of additive manufacturing (3D printing), and approaches to improve processing and performance of titanium alloys for medical applications.

selective laser melting --- gradient structure --- porous biomaterial --- Ti6Al4V --- mechanical properties --- osteoblast --- biomechanics --- dental implant(s) --- in vitro --- systematic reviews --- evidence-based medicine --- atrophic maxilla --- titanium hybrid-plates --- finite element analysis --- biomechanical analysis --- single-point incremental forming --- AHP --- cranioplasty plates --- decision-making --- titanium alloys --- medical devices --- machining --- titanium --- temperature --- strain --- grain refinement --- ultrafine --- nanocrystalline --- mechanical characterization --- press-fit --- primary stability --- Ti-6Al-4V --- additive manufacturing --- selective laser melting (SLM) --- electron beam melting (EBM) --- direct metal deposition (DMD) --- wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) --- diffraction line profile analysis --- extended convolution multiple whole profile (eCMWP) --- implanted electrodes --- electrical stimulation --- corrosion --- mandibular reconstruction --- scaffolds --- reconstruction plate --- 3D printing --- titanium alloy --- Titanium alloys --- Ti-6Al-4V-ELI --- fatigue --- laser cutting --- post-processing --- α’-martensite --- HAZ --- barrel grinding --- notch --- fracture

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This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue of Crystals entitled Pressure-Induced Phase Transformations. It includes selected articles on the behavior of matter under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions, describing and discussing contemporary achievements, which were selected based on their relevance and scientific quality.

vanadate --- zircon --- high pressure --- band gap --- phase transition --- optical absorption --- benzene phase I --- homogeneous melting --- Ostwald’s step rule --- molecular dynamics simulation --- metastable phase --- melting transition --- Fe --- electrical resistivity --- thermal conductivity --- heat flow --- thermal and chemical convection --- sesquioxides --- phase transitions --- Laue diffraction --- mechanisms of phase transitions --- reactivity --- tungsten --- rhenium --- carbon dioxide --- carbonates --- high-pressure high-temperature experiments --- quantum spin liquids --- frustrated magnets --- quantum phase transitions --- high-pressure measurements --- phase diagram --- quantum molecular dynamics --- melting curve --- Z methodology --- multi-phase materials --- epsomite --- dehydration reaction --- Raman spectra --- electrical conductivity --- high-pressure phase transitions --- molecular crystals --- computational methods --- DFT and Force Field methods --- energy calculations --- intermolecular interactions --- Landau theory --- nonlinear elasticity theory --- perovskites --- fullerenes --- polymerization --- pressure-induced --- Raman --- infrared laser --- laser-heated diamond anvil cell --- synchrotron radiation --- extreme conditions --- n/a