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The world’s energy demand is still growing, partly due to the rising population, partly to increasing personal needs. This growing demand has to be met without increasing (or preferably, by decreasing) the environmental impact. One of the ways to do so is the use of existing low-temperature heat sources for producing electricity, such as using power plants based on the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) . In ORC power plants, instead of the traditional steam, the vapor of organic materials (with low boiling points) is used to turn heat to work and subsequently to electricity. These units are usually less efficient than steam-based plants; therefore, they should be optimized to be technically and economically feasible. The selection of working fluid for a given heat source is crucial; a particular working fluid might be suitable to harvest energy from a 90 ℃ geothermal well but would show disappointing performance for well with a 80 ℃ head temperature. The ORC working fluid for a given heat source is usually selected from a handful of existing fluids by trial-and-error methods; in this collection, we demonstrate a more systematic method based on physical and chemical criteria.
adiabatic expansion --- isentropic expansion --- T-s diagram --- working fluid classification --- optimization --- single-screw expander --- vapor–liquid two-phase expansion --- thermal efficiency --- net work output --- heat exchange load of condenser --- cis-butene --- HFO-1234ze(E) --- ORC working fluids --- temperature–entropy saturation curve --- saturation properties --- wet and dry fluids --- ideal-gas heat capacity --- Rankine cycle --- ORC --- biomass --- fluid mixtures --- hydrocarbons --- working fluid --- selection method --- volumetric expander --- thermodynamic analysis --- wet zeotropic mixture --- single screw expander --- organic Rankine cycle --- R441A --- R436B --- R432A --- T–s diagram --- molecular degree of freedom
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The overarching goal of this book is to provide a current picture of the latest developments in the capabilities of biomedical photoacoustic imaging and sensing in an affordable setting, such as advances in the technology involving light sources, and delivery, acoustic detection, and image reconstruction and processing algorithms. This book includes 14 chapters from globally prominent researchers , covering a comprehensive spectrum of photoacoustic imaging topics from technology developments and novel imaging methods to preclinical and clinical studies, predominantly in a cost-effective setting. Affordability is undoubtedly an important factor to be considered in the following years to help translate photoacoustic imaging to clinics around the globe. This first-ever book focused on biomedical photoacoustic imaging and sensing using affordable resources is thus timely, especially considering the fact that this technique is facing an exciting transition from benchtop to bedside. Given its scope, the book will appeal to scientists and engineers in academia and industry, as well as medical experts interested in the clinical applications of photoacoustic imaging.
photoacoustic microscopy --- ultrasonic transducer --- optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy --- transparent ultrasound transducer --- ultrasound stimulation --- photoacoustic --- LED --- clinic --- optical imaging --- tomography --- ultrasound --- small animal --- liver --- fibrosis --- optoacoustic --- spectral imaging --- blind source separation --- unsupervised unmixing --- photoacoustic imaging --- 3-D printed photoacoustic probe holder --- light delivery optimization --- LED divergence --- illumination scheme --- in vivo --- mouse --- Monte Carlo --- linear array --- tumor imaging --- LED-based photoacoustic imaging --- hair follicles --- FUE --- FUT --- photoacoustic computed tomography --- light-emitting diodes --- laser diodes --- oxygen saturation imaging --- photoacoustics --- fluence compensation --- hypoxia --- deep tissue imaging --- hemangioma --- laser --- light-emitting diodes (LED) --- mobile health --- peripheral arterial disease --- stroke --- vascular malformations --- signal enhancement --- pre-illumination --- photo-thermal effect --- heat capacity --- remote sensing --- endoscopy --- speckle --- n/a
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Molecular magnets show many properties not met in conventional metallic magnetic materials, i.e. low density, transparency to electromagnetic radiation, sensitivity to external stimuli such as light, pressure, temperature, chemical modification or magnetic/electric fields, and others. They can serve as “functional” materials in sensors of different types or be applied in high-density magnetic storage or nanoscale devices. Research into molecule-based materials became more intense at the end of the 20th century and is now an important branch of modern science. The articles in this Special Issue, written by physicists and chemists, reflect the current work on molecular magnets being carried out in several research centers. Theoretical papers in the issue concern the influence of spin anisotropy in the low dimensional lattice of the resulting type of magnet, as well as thermodynamics and magnetic excitations in spin trimers. The impact of external pressure on structural and magnetic properties and its underlying mechanisms is described using the example of Prussian blue analogue data. The other functionality discussed is the magnetocaloric effect, investigated in coordination polymers and high spin clusters. In this issue, new molecular magnets are presented: (i) ferromagnetic high-spin [Mn6] single-molecule magnets, (ii) solvatomagnetic compounds changing their structure and magnetism dependent on water content, and (iii) a family of purely organic magnetic materials. Finally, an advanced calorimetric study of anisotropy in magnetic molecular superconductors is reviewed.
molecular magnetism --- phase diagram --- superconductivity --- molecular magnets --- magnetism --- thermodynamics --- ?-d system --- cyclam --- critical behaviour --- redox --- exact diagonalization --- salicylamidoxime --- thermodynamic measurement --- magnetic conductor --- quantum magnet --- radical anion --- single crystal heat capacity measurement --- effect of high pressure --- square lattice --- single-molecule magnets --- cyano bridge --- Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition --- coordination polymers --- Prussian blue analogues --- chain --- antiferromagnetism --- dioxothiadiazole --- inelastic neutron scattering --- spin anisotropy --- rectangular lattice --- superexchange interaction --- Heisenberg exchange Hamiltonian --- Heisenberg --- S = 1/2 XXZ model --- antiferromagnetic coupling --- manganese(III) --- spin clusters --- magnetic properties --- magnetocaloric effect --- crystal structure --- copper(II) --- octacyanotungstate(V) --- octacyanometallates
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This Special Issue reprint presents articles from researchers working on materials processing via electron beams as well as on their characterization, properties, and applications. The articles presented cover various topics, including metal melting and welding, additive manufacturing, electron beam irradiation, electron beam lithography, process modeling, etc.
electron-beam welding --- welded metal structure --- dynamic positioning of an electron beam --- electron beam --- additive manufacturing --- titanium alloys --- wire feed process --- residual stresses --- mechanical properties --- EBI --- γ-ray --- GC-MS --- FT-IR --- larch sapwood --- wood extractives --- melting --- melting temperature --- numerical simulation --- electron beam additive manufacturing --- nanoindentation --- strain rate sensitivity --- creep --- corn starch --- potato starch --- moisture content --- specific heat capacity --- pH --- color parameters --- copper technogenic material --- thermodynamic analysis --- removal efficiency --- patterned sapphire substrate --- electron etching --- gold --- cathodoluminescent analysis --- anisotropy --- light-emitting diodes --- windows --- electron beam welding --- aluminum 6082 --- porosity --- beam figure --- electron-beam lithography --- Monte Carlo method --- proximity function --- electrons scattering --- technogenic Co–Cr–Mo alloy --- electron beam recycling --- refining process --- degree of removal
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In 1978, Fred Hoyle proposed that interstellar comets carrying several viruses landed on Earth as part of the panspermia hypotheses. With respect to life, the origin of homochirality on Earth has been the greatest mystery because life cannot exist without molecular asymmetry. Many scientists have proposed several possible hypotheses to answer this long-standing L-D question. Previously, Martin Gardner raised the question about mirror symmetry and broken mirror symmetry in terms of the homochirality question in his monographs (1964 and 1990). Possible scenarios for the L-D issue can be categorized into (i) Earth and exoterrestrial origins, (ii) by-chance and necessity mechanisms, and (iii) mirror-symmetrical and non-mirror-symmetrical forces as physical and chemical origins. These scenarios should involve further great amplification mechanisms, enabling a pure L- or D-world.
supramolecular assembly --- weak neutral current --- homochiral and heterochiral aggregates --- vortex --- neutrinos --- Soai reaction --- Viedma ripening effect --- nucleus–molecular coupling --- absolute asymmetric synthesis --- circular dichroism --- enantiomer self-disproportionation --- magmatic flow --- metal-organic framework --- Z0 boson --- hidden chirality --- gravitation --- SDE --- etch figures --- replicators --- supramolecular chirality --- deracemization --- assemblies --- spin polarized electrons --- super-high-velocity impact --- homochirality --- chirogenesis --- heat capacity --- tunneling --- prebiotic --- Salam hypothesis --- tilt-chirality --- self-assembly --- racemic field --- triethylenediamine (DABCO) molecules --- environmental chirality --- bioorganic homochirality --- polymer --- enantioselective reaction --- two-fold helix --- origin of life --- biological homochirality --- parity violation in the weak interaction --- amino acids --- multi-point approximation --- magnetism --- C1- and C2-symmetric catalysts --- spin-polarized lepton --- lipid --- chiral field (memory) --- Wallach’s rule --- asymmetric autocatalysis --- plasma reactor --- circularly polarized photon --- asymmetric reaction --- racemate --- enantiomorphism --- symmetry breaking --- ?-strand --- chirality --- circularly polarized light --- circularly polarized luminescence --- autocatalysis --- amino acid handedness --- asymmetric synthesis --- precision measurement --- nepheline --- chiral separation --- parity violation --- achiral stationary phase --- genesis of life chirality --- high dimensional chirality
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This book entitled Zeolites is a collection of papers recently published in the journal Crystals, focusing on zeolites as a group of hydrated aluminosilicates with unique physical and chemical properties that can have numerous and important applications. The collection opens with works related to the geological documentation of the newest deposits of natural zeolites. The second part of the book describes a variety of synthesis methods and characterizes the resulting products. Finally, some recent advances in their applications in different fields are presented at the end of the book.
zeolite --- alkali-activation --- geopolymer --- metakaolin --- metahalloysite --- adsorption --- DRIFTS operando --- ethylene scavenging --- postharvest quality --- tomato --- natural zeolite --- zeolite synthesis --- zeolite characterization --- zeolite application --- mordenite --- mineral fibers --- erionite --- potential toxicity --- ZSM-5 zeolites --- L,L-lactide --- size effect --- diffusion control --- zeolite L precursor --- Fe-LTL zeolite --- ultra-fine --- zeolite beads --- hierarchical zeolite --- pseudomorphic transformation --- ZSM-12 --- shaping --- nanosponges --- adoption --- acceptance --- household water treatment systems --- long-term effectiveness --- membrane --- separation --- silicalite-1 --- xylene --- orientation --- evolutionally selection --- NaP2 zeolite --- NaY gel --- microwave-assisted hydrothermal --- conventional hydrothermal --- waste management --- fly ash zeolites --- faujasite --- wastewater remediation --- willhendersonite --- chabazite --- zeolites --- Lessini Mounts --- kaolin --- kaolinite --- clinoptilolite --- thermal expansion --- thermal diffusivity --- thermal conductivity --- specific heat capacity --- natural zeolite A --- mineralogy --- mudstones --- crystal --- sedimentary environment
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This book presents numerical, experimental, and analytical analysis of convective and radiative heat transfer in various engineering and natural systems, including transport phenomena in heat exchangers and furnaces, cooling of electronic heat-generating elements, and thin-film flows in various technical systems. It is well known that such heat transfer mechanisms are dominant in the systems under consideration. Therefore, in-depth study of these regimes is vital for both the growth of industry and the preservation of natural resources. The authors included in this book present insightful and provocative studies on convective and radiative heat transfer using modern analytical techniques. This book will be very useful for academics, engineers, and advanced students.
mixed convection --- nanofluids --- thermal radiation --- heat source/sink --- dual solutions --- stability analysis --- convection --- local heat-generating element --- surface radiation --- Ostrogradsky number --- finite difference method --- nanofluid --- stagnation sheet --- three-dimensional flow --- slip condition --- vortex --- heat --- dimple --- channel --- simulation --- efficiency of annular fin --- analytical and numerical method --- computational fluid dynamics --- fin base temperature --- non-Newtonian fluid --- natural convection --- heat source of volumetric heat generation --- PCMs --- storage tank --- photovoltaic --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- finite elements --- turbulent bubbly flow --- sudden pipe expansion --- measurements --- modeling --- wall friction --- heat transfer modification --- heat transfer --- free convection --- cylinder --- tube array --- numerical investigation --- semi-analytical model --- vapor --- liquid --- bubble --- two-phase heat transfer --- adiabatic calorimetry --- numerical simulation --- heat capacity --- finite-element method --- thin film --- boundary layer --- thermocapillarity --- triple solutions --- Carreau fluid --- tempering --- heat treatment --- electric furnace --- CFD simulation --- thermal efficiency
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This collection of articles focuses on different aspects of the study of organic conductors. Recent progress in both theoretical and experimental studies is covered in this Special Issue. Papers on a wide variety of studies are categorized into representative topics of chemistry and physics. Besides classical studies on the crystalline organic conductors, applied studies on semiconducting thin films and a number of new topics shared with inorganic materials are also discussed.
organic π-radical --- molecular conductor --- phthalocyanine --- three-dimensional network --- three-dimensional electronic system --- organic conductors --- bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF) --- bis(ethylenediseleno)tetrathiafulvalene (BEST) --- bis(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene (BETS) --- electrical resistivity --- magnetic susceptibility --- X-ray analysis --- charge-ordered state --- quantum chemical calculations --- Madelung energy --- magnetic property --- reversible transformation --- spin ladder --- nodal line semimetal --- single-component molecular conductor --- conductivity --- DOS --- tight-binding model --- interacting electrons in one dimension --- electronic and lattice instabilities --- renormalization group method --- X-ray diffraction --- single crystal --- electron density --- molecular orbital --- single-component molecular conductors --- extended-TTF dithiolate ligands --- gold dithiolate complexes --- (BETS)2Fe1−xGaxCl4 --- π-d interaction --- NMR --- charge glass --- heat capacity --- electric current --- electric voltage --- Boson peak --- chirality --- tetrathiafulvalene --- crystal structures --- band structure calculations --- hydrogen bonding --- charge-transfer salts --- (TMTTF)2X --- deuteration --- anions --- charge transport --- tunnel junction --- MOCVD --- quantum well --- co-doping --- solar cells --- (TMTSF)8(I3)5 --- (TMTSF)5(I3)2 --- (TMTSF)4(I3)4·THF --- organic conductor --- crystal structure --- high pressure --- DFT --- MP2 --- organic superconductors --- Beechgard salts --- Maxwell-Garnett approximation --- high-Tc --- pressure effect --- Dirac electron system --- resistivity --- magnetoresistance --- synchrotron X-ray diffraction --- band calculation --- correlated electron materials --- layered organic conductor --- unconventional superconductivity --- vortex dynamics --- d-wave pairing symmetry --- superconducting gap structure --- magnetic field --- flux-flow resistivity --- charge-ordered insulator --- electric double layer transistor --- organic field-effect transistor --- π–d system --- Mott insulator --- strongly correlated electron system --- multiferroic --- dielectric --- photoconductor --- organic semiconductors --- molecular orbitals --- pyroelectricity --- temperature modulation --- molecular ferroelectrics --- radiative temperature control --- thermal diffusion model --- lithium niobate --- first-principles calculation --- density-functional theory --- charge ordering --- hybrid functional --- electronic structure --- nickel–dithiolene complex --- cycloalkane substituent --- crystalline organic charge-transfer complexes --- disordered systems --- overlap integrals --- extended Hückel approximation --- Dirac electrons --- zero-gap semiconductors --- merging of Dirac cones --- n/a --- π-d system --- nickel-dithiolene complex --- extended Hückel approximation
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