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In deze scriptie werd onderzocht hoe ver men staat op het gebied van CO2-uitstoot berekeningen voor muziekfestivals. In België is hieromtrent nog niet veel onderzoek verricht en er zijn weinig gegevens te vinden over Belgische festivals. Uit de literatuurstudie werd een berekeningsmodel opgesteld om de CO2-uitstoot en C02-voetafdruk van festivals te berekenen. Daarna werd dit model getoetst aan de realiteit in een case study.

CO2-uitstoot. --- CO2-voetafdruk. --- Carbon footprint. --- Festivals.

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Climate change is one of the main threats to modern society. This phenomenon is associated with an increase in greenhouse gas (GHGs, mainly carbon dioxide-CO2) emissions due to anthropogenic activities. The main causes are the burning of fossil fuels and land use change (deforestation). Climate change impacts are associated with risks to basic needs (health, food security, and clean water), as well as risks to development (jobs, economic growth, and the cost of living). The processes involving CO2 capture and storage are gaining attention in the scientific community as an alternative for decreasing CO2 emissions, reducing its concentration in ambient air. The carbon capture and storage (CCS) methodologies comprise three steps: CO2 capture, CO2 transportation, and CO2 storage. Despite the high research activity within this topic, several technological, economic, and environmental issues as well as safety problems remain to be solved, such as the following needs: increase of CO2 capture efficiency, reduction of process costs, and verification of the environmental sustainability of CO2 storage.

normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) --- techno-economic analysis --- the Loess Plateau --- power-to-methane --- GHG mitigation --- CO2 capture and utilization --- cement production with CO2 capture --- oxyfuel --- knowledge mapping --- technological evolution --- CO2 capture --- CO2 capture in industry --- IGCC --- InVEST --- electricity production --- life cycle assessment --- carbon storage --- carbon capture and storage --- CO2 capture retrofitability --- TBAB --- supercritical CO2 --- hydrate --- membrane-assisted CO2 liquefaction --- micromorphology --- synthetic natural gas --- stability map --- carbon capture and storage (CCS) --- renewable power --- carbon density --- fossil fuels --- chilled ammonia --- CCS --- cement --- MEA-based absorption --- carbon capture --- energy dependence --- calcium looping --- CO2 separation --- CO2 pipeline --- flow instability --- CiteSpace --- anti-agglomerant

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This Special Issue on “New Trends in Catalysis for Sustainable CO2 Conversion”, released in the Catalysts open access journal, shows new research about the development of catalysts and catalytic routes for CO2 valorization, in addition to the optimization of the reaction conditions for the process. This issue includes ten articles and three reviews about different innovative processes for CO2 conversion.Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a physical process consisting of the separation the CO2 (emitted by industry and the combustion processes for energy generation) and its transportation to geological storage isolates it from the atmosphere in the long term. However, the most promising routes for CO2 mitigation are those pursuing its catalytic valorization. By applying specific catalysts and suitable operating conditions, CO2 molecules react with other components to form longer chains (i.e., hydrocarbons). Accordingly, effort should be made to catalytically valorize CO2 (alone or co-fed with syngas) as an alternative way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and obtaining high-value fuels and chemicals. Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) is a developing field with significant demand for research in the following aspects:The development of new catalysts, catalytic routes, and technologies for CO2 conversion;The study of new processes for obtaining fuels and chemicals from CO2;Optimization of the catalysts and the reaction conditions for these processes;Further steps in advanced processes using CO2-rich feeds (H2+CO2 or CO2 mixed with syngas), increasing product yields.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Environmental science, engineering & technology --- carbon dioxide --- hydrogenation --- catalyst --- gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) --- fixed-bed reactor --- CO2–H2O photo-co-processing --- VIS-light driven reactions --- CO2 reduction --- photocatalysts properties --- soft oxidant --- oxidation --- dehydrogenation --- nano-catalyst --- electrochemical reduction of CO2 --- ionic liquids --- propylene carbonate --- imidazolium cation --- greenhouse gas --- climate change --- CO2 decomposition --- CO2 utilization --- SrFeO3−x --- CO2 methanation --- Ni-xSi/ZrO2 --- Si promotion --- oxygen vacancies --- CO2 hydrogenation --- light olefins --- catalyst deactivation --- CO2-Fischer-Tropsch (CO2-FT) --- iron-based catalysts --- methanol to olefins --- bifunctional composite catalysts --- SAPO-34 --- photocatalysis --- carbon-TiO2 --- nanocarbon --- carbon allotropes --- carbon nanotubes --- carbon nanofibers --- carbon nano-onions --- carbon dioxide electrolysis --- molten carbonate --- greenhouse gas mitigation --- cycloaddition --- ionic liquid --- deep eutectic solvents --- onium salt --- homogeneous catalysts --- heterogeneous catalysis --- CO2 conversion --- methane --- hydrocarbons --- iron oxide --- copper nanoparticles --- biomass --- Fischer–Tropsch synthesis --- carbon-supported iron catalyst --- gasoline --- diesel --- n/a --- CO2-H2O photo-co-processing --- Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

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The general objective of this thesis was to explore the potential of in-situ H2O removal during fuel-related synthesis reactions with focus on in-situ H2O removal by hydrophilic membranes and by chemical reaction. It is demonstrated that in-situ H2O removal through vapour permeation during CO2 hydrogenation to Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons and during DME/DEE synthesis leads to increased conversion and yield levels, which are directly linked to the degree of H2O recovery.

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis --- H2O removal --- membrane reactor --- water gas shift reaction --- CO2 hydrogenation

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Forest ecosystems are often disturbed by agents such as harvesting, fire, wind, insects and diseases, and acid deposition, with differing intensities and frequencies. Such disturbances can markedly affect the amount, form, and stability of soil organic carbon in, and the emission of greenhouse gases, including CO2, CH4, and N2O from, forest ecosystems. It is vitally important that we improve our understanding of the impact of different disturbance regimes on forest soil carbon dynamics and greenhouse gas emissions to guide our future research, forest management practices, and policy development. This Special Issue provides an important update on the disturbance effects on soil carbon and greenhouse gas emissions in forest ecosystems in different climate regions.

greenhouse gas emission --- heterotrophic respiration --- Camellia oleifera --- Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr --- soil microbial residue --- assisted natural regeneration --- soil organic carbon --- soil carbon sequestration --- soil CO2 --- surface soil layer --- landform --- anthropogenic effect --- South Korea --- CO2 effluxes --- storm damage --- microbial properties --- calcareous soil --- land use pattern --- soil total nitrogen --- generation --- tree mortality --- land use types --- forest conversion --- DCD --- carbon source–sink --- stoichiometric ratios --- autotrophic respiration --- N2O --- CO2 emission --- organic carbon mineralization --- CH4 emissions --- clear-cutting --- CO2 production and diffusion --- soil quality --- nitrification inhibitor --- organic carbon accumulation --- climate change mitigation --- global change --- greenhouse gas inventory --- warming --- soil properties --- bacterial community --- sensitivity --- soil characteristics --- forest --- insect outbreak --- biochar --- nitrous oxide --- CO2 --- soil respiration --- land-use change --- decomposition --- soil --- natural forest --- calcareous soils --- greenhouse gas --- forest soils --- karst graben basin --- plantation --- rocky desertification --- fitting parameters --- temperature --- forest disturbance --- microbe --- subtropical forest --- N addition --- carbon stock changes --- IPCC --- next-generation sequencing --- nitrogen --- N2O emissions --- red soils --- CH4 --- coastal wetlands --- CO2 emissions --- stand age --- successive planting --- plum plantation ages