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‘Ambiguous sanctuaries’ are places in which the sacred is shared. These exist in almost all religions: tombs of saints, mausoleums, monasteries and shrines, a revered mountain peak, a majestic tree, a cave or special boulders in the river. This book examines this phenomenon in diverse parts of the world: in Europe, the Middle East, Asia and Brazil. What these ritual spaces share is the capacity to unsettle and challenge people’s experiences and understandings of reality, as well as to provoke the imagination, allowing universes of meanings to be interlinked. The spaces discussed reveal the many different ways the sacred can be shared. Different groups may once have visited sites that are nowadays linked to only one religion. The legacy of earlier religious movements is subtly echoed in the devotional forms, rituals, symbols or narratives (hagiographies) of the present, and the architectural settings in which they take place. In some pilgrimage sites, peoples of different faiths visit and take part in devotional acts and rituals – such as processing, offering candles, incenses and flowers – that are shared. The saints to whom a shrine is dedicated can also have a double identity. Such ambiguity has often been viewed through the lens of religious purity, and the exclusivity of orthodoxy, as confusion, showing a lack of coherence and authenticity. But the openness to interpretation of sacred spaces in this collection suggests a more positive analysis: that it may be through ambiguity transcending narrow confines that pilgrims experience the sanctity and power they seek. In the engaging and accessible essays that comprise Pilgrimage and Ambiguity the contributors consider the ambiguous forces that cohere in sacred spaces - forces that move us into the inspirational depths of human spirituality. In so doing, the essays bring us closer to a deeper appreciation of how ambiguity helps to define the human condition. This collection is one that will be read and debated for many years to come. Paul Stoller, West Chester University, Pennsylvania,2013 Anders Retzius Gold Medal Laureate in Anthropology In a time of religious polarization, this fine collection of essays recalls that ambiguity, ambivalence and shared experience characterize the sacred as it is encountered in pilgrimages. Readers will travel through the Mediterranean, India, Pakistan and China, but also Western Europe and Amazonia, to discover saintly landscapes full of multiple meanings. Alexandre Papas, Senior Research Fellow, National Centre for Scientific Research, Paris

ambiguity --- ritual --- pilgrimage --- sacred --- interfaith --- religion

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With the aim to write the history of Christianity in Scandinavia with Jerusalem as a lens, this book investigates the image - or rather the imagination - of Jerusalem in the religious, political, and artistic cultures of Scandinavia through most of the second millennium. Jerusalem is conceived as a code to Christian cultures in Scandinavia. The first volume is dealing with the different notions of Jerusalem in the Middle Ages. Tracing the Jerusalem Code in three volumesVolume 1: The Holy City Christian Cultures in Medieval Scandinavia (ca. 1100-1536)Volume 2: The Chosen People Christian Cultures in Early Modern Scandinavia (1536-ca. 1750)Volume 3: The Promised Land Christian Cultures in Modern Scandinavia (ca. 1750-ca. 1920)

RELIGION / Christianity / History. --- Christianity in Scandinavia. --- Crusades. --- Pilgrimage.

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وفي حين أنهم لم يتدخلوا حتى الآن إلا بشكل هامشي في اقتصاد الحج إلى مكة المكرمة، إلا أن الكارثة الإنسانية الناجمة عن وباء الكوليرا في الفترة 1865-1866 دفعت بعض القوى الاستعمارية مثل فرنسا وبريطانيا العظمى، التي سرعان ما انضمت إليها إيطاليا، إلى التعامل مباشرة مع مسألة تنظيم السفر وإقامة رعاياهم المسلمين في المدن المقدسة في الحجاز. للمرة الأولى في تاريخ الإسلام، كان الحج تحت إشراف قوى غير مسلمة. وفي حين أن الهدف المعلن للتدخل الأوروبي في اقتصاد الحج كان الحماية الصحية للحجاج الوافدين من القارة الأوروبية، إلا أنه كان يخفي المزيد من المخاوف السياسية. ويتمثل التحدي إذن في جعل الحج «قابلا للسيطرة». وفي هذا الصدد، كانت الحرب العظمى وضم الحجاز من قبل الحكومة السعودية في عام 1925 خطوات هامة في إعطاء القوى الاستعمارية الوسائل لبناء «سياسات حج». وهكذا يمثل الثلاثينات من القرن الماضي ذروة تدخل القوى الاستعمارية الأوروبية في تنظيم الحج في مكة المكرمة، التي ساعدت على تحويلها لأداة تأثير دبلوماسي واستعماري. Alors qu'elles n'intervenaient jusqu'ici que marginalement dans l'économie du pèlerinage à La Mecque (hajj), la catastrophe humanitaire constituée par l'épidémie de choléra de 1865‑1866 a conduit certaines puissances coloniales comme la France et la Grande-Bretagne, bientôt rejointes par l'Italie, à se saisir directement de la question de l'organisation des déplacements et du séjour de leurs sujets musulmans dans les Villes Saintes du Hedjaz. Pour la première fois dans l'histoire de l'Islam, le hajj a ainsi été supervisé par des puissances non-musulmanes. Si l'objectif affiché de l'intrusion européenne dans l'économie du hajj reste la protection sanitaire des pèlerins et partant du continent européen, il n'en cache pas moins des préoccupations plus politiques. L'enjeu est alors de rendre le hajj « gouvernable ». À cet égard, la Grande Guerre et l'annexion du Hedjaz par le gouvernement saoudien en 1925 constituent des étapes importantes en donnant aux puissances coloniales les moyens de construire de véritables « politiques du pèlerinage ». La décennie 1930 marque ainsi…

History --- hajj --- pélerinage à La Mecque --- consul --- pilgrimage to Mecca --- قنصل --- الحج إلى مكة المكرمة

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Overlooking Lago di Orta in the foothills of the Northern Italian Alps, the Renaissance-era Sacro Monte di Orta (a UNESCO World Heritage site) is spectacle and hagiography, theme park and treatise. Sacro Monte di Orta is a sacred mountain complex that extolls the life of St. Francis of Assisi through fresco, statuary, and built environment. Descending from the vision of the 16th-century Archbishop Carlo Borromeo, the design and execution of the chapels express the Catholic Church’s desire to define, or, perhaps redefine itself for a transforming Christian diaspora. And in the struggle to provide a spiritual and geographical front against the spread of Protestantism into the Italian peninsula, the Catholic Church mustered the most powerful weapon it had: the widely popular native Italian saint, Francis of Assisi.Sacred Views of Saint Francis: The Sacro Monte di Orta examines this important pilgrimage site where Francis is embraced as a ne plus ultra saint. The book delves into a pivotal moment in the life of the Catholic Church as revealed through the artistic program of the Sacro Monte’s twenty-one chapels, providing a nuanced understanding of the role the site played in the Counter-Reformation.The Sacro Monte di Orta was, in its way, a new hagiographical text vital to post-Tridentine Italy. Sacred Views provides research and analysis of this popular, yet critically neglected Franciscan devotional site. Sacred Views is the first significant scholarly work on the Sacro Monte di Orta in English and one of the very few full-length treatments in any language. It includes a catalogue of artists, over one hundred photographs, maps, short essays on each chapel, and longer essays that examine some of the most significant chapels in greater detail.

Catholicism --- Saint Francis --- pilgrimage --- sacred architecture --- religious sculpture --- hagiography --- Christianity --- monasticism

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The conceptual territory of religious tourism is fluid. While recreation and leisure-based motivation and behaviors are evident in religious tourism, this volume reiterates its rootedness in tenets from religious traditions and pilgrimages. Using fresh perspectives on place-stories, rituals, performances, that are central to pilgrimage and sacred sites, essays in this volume explain contemporary expressions of religious tourism and illustrate the dynamic nature of religious tourism as an ecosystem embedded in religious practices, rituals and performances. The explanations will benefit researchers and practioners alike and they can find numerous examples that show the significance of religious tourism for sustainable development of destinations.

festival --- customer classification --- factor analysis --- motivation --- folklore belief --- World Youth Day --- eventization of faith --- religious tourism --- Archdiocese of Lodz --- Poland --- shinto shrine --- popular culture --- tourist performances --- material religion --- pilgrimage --- sacred sites --- motorbiking --- biker --- Church of England --- retreat --- pilgrimage center --- sanctuary --- sanctuary service zones --- city space --- spatial development --- tourist function --- geography of religion --- ancestral temple of Mazu --- commodification --- diaspora --- folklorization --- invention of tradition --- transnationalism --- authenticity --- spirituality --- Mount Athos --- hospitality --- pilgrimage tourism --- Buddhist pilgrimage --- ritual ecology --- Buddhism --- Bodhgaya --- Buddhist heritage --- n/a