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This volume offers a comprehensive account of how the Nazis conducted the Holocaust throughout the scattered towns and villages of Poland and the Soviet Union. It covers more than 1,150 sites, including both open and closed ghettos. Regional essays outline the patterns of ghettoization in 19 German administrative regions. Each entry discusses key events in the history of the ghetto; living and working conditions; activities of the Jewish Councils; Jewish responses to persecution; demographic changes; and details of the ghetto's liquidation. Personal testimonies help convey the character of

Concentration camps --- Jewish ghettos --- World War, 1939-1945 --- Campos de concentración --- Guerra, 1939-1945 (Mundial, 2a) --- Segregación --- Holocausto judío (1939-1945) --- Judíos --- Discriminación --- Derechos humanos (Derecho internacional) --- Jews --- Historia --- Campos de concentración --- Territorios ocupados --- United States Holocaust Memorial Museum --- Europa --- Alemania --- Política y gobierno --- European War, 1939-1945 --- Second World War, 1939-1945 --- World War 2, 1939-1945 --- World War II, 1939-1945 --- World War Two, 1939-1945 --- WW II (World War, 1939-1945) --- WWII (World War, 1939-1945) --- History, Modern --- Ghettos, Jewish --- Cities and towns --- Death camps --- Detention camps --- Extermination camps --- Internment camps --- Detention of persons --- Military camps --- Segregation --- U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum --- US Holocaust Memorial Museum --- Holocaust Museum (United States) --- USHMM --- Мемориальный музей Холокоста США --- Memorialʹnyĭ muzeĭ Kholokosta SShA --- Nazi Concentration camps --- Concentration camps, Nazi --- Death camps, Nazi --- Extermination camps, Nazi --- Nazi death camps --- Nazi extermination camps --- Nazi concentration camps --- Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) --- History --- Government policy

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How did a Jewish state come to resonate profoundly with Americans in the twentieth century? Since WWII, Israel's identity has been entangled with America's belief in its own exceptionalism. Turning a critical eye on the two nations' turbulent history together, Amy Kaplan unearths the roots of controversies that may well divide them in the future.

National characteristics, American. --- Israel --- United States --- Foreign public opinion, American. --- Foreign relations --- ADL. --- AIPAC. --- Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry. --- Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith. --- Anti-Semitism. --- Arafat. --- Carter. --- Elie Wiesel. --- Exodus. --- Holocaust Memorial. --- Holocaust. --- I. F. Stone. --- Intifada. --- Lebanon. --- Menachem Begin. --- Nazism. --- Richard Crossman. --- Zionism. --- al-Qaeda.

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Holocaust memorials and museums face a difficult task as their staffs strive to commemorate and document horror. On the one hand, the events museums represent are beyond most people's experiences. At the same time they are often portrayed by theologians, artists, and philosophers in ways that are already known by the public. Museum administrators and curators have the challenging role of finding a creative way to present Holocaust exhibits to avoid clichéd or dehumanizing portrayals of victims and their suffering. In Holocaust Memory Reframed, Jennifer Hansen-Glucklich examines representations in three museums: Israel's Yad Vashem in Jerusalem, Germany's Jewish Museum in Berlin, and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. She describes a variety of visually striking media, including architecture, photography exhibits, artifact displays, and video installations in order to explain the aesthetic techniques that the museums employ. As she interprets the exhibits, Hansen-Glucklich clarifies how museums communicate Holocaust narratives within the historical and cultural contexts specific to Germany, Israel, and the United States. In Yad Vashem, architect Moshe Safdie developed a narrative suited for Israel, rooted in a redemptive, Zionist story of homecoming to a place of mythic geography and renewal, in contrast to death and suffering in exile. In the Jewish Museum in Berlin, Daniel Libeskind's architecture, broken lines, and voids emphasize absence. Here exhibits communicate a conflicted ideology, torn between the loss of a Jewish past and the country's current multicultural ethos. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum presents yet another lens, conveying through its exhibits a sense of sacrifice that is part of the civil values of American democracy, and trying to overcome geographic and temporal distance. One well-know example, the pile of thousands of shoes plundered from concentration camp victims encourages the visitor to bridge the gap between viewer and victim. Hansen-Glucklich explores how each museum's concept of the sacred shapes the design and choreography of visitors' experiences within museum spaces. These spaces are sites of pilgrimage that can in turn lead to rites of passage.

Museum architecture. --- Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) --- Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945), and architecture. --- Memorialization. --- Symbolism in architecture. --- Museum techniques. --- Architecture des musées --- Holocauste, 1939-1945 --- Holocauste (1939-1945), et architecture --- Commémorations --- Symbolisme en architecture --- Muséologie --- Museums. --- Study and teaching. --- Musées --- Etude et enseignement --- Jüdisches Museum Berlin (1999- ) --- Yad va-shem, rashut ha-zikaron la-Sho'ah vela-gevurah. --- United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. --- Architecture des musées --- Commémorations --- Muséologie --- Musées --- Jüdisches Museum Berlin (1999- ) --- Yad ṿa-shem, rashut ha-zikaron la-Shoʼah ṿela-gevurah. --- Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945), and architecture --- Memorialization --- Museum architecture --- Museum techniques --- Symbolism in architecture --- Architectural symbolism --- Signs and symbols in architecture --- Architecture --- Museology --- Museums --- Catastrophe, Jewish (1939-1945) --- Destruction of the Jews (1939-1945) --- Extermination, Jewish (1939-1945) --- Holocaust, Nazi --- Ḥurban (1939-1945) --- Ḥurbn (1939-1945) --- Jewish Catastrophe (1939-1945) --- Jewish Holocaust (1939-1945) --- Jews --- Nazi Holocaust --- Nazi persecution of Jews --- Shoʾah (1939-1945) --- Genocide --- World War, 1939-1945 --- Kindertransports (Rescue operations) --- Memorialisation --- Memorials --- Architecture and the Holocaust --- Study and teaching --- Technique --- Nazi persecution --- Persecutions --- Atrocities --- Jewish resistance --- U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum --- US Holocaust Memorial Museum --- Holocaust Museum (United States) --- USHMM --- Мемориальный музей Холокоста США --- Memorialʹnyĭ muzeĭ Kholokosta SShA --- Jewish Museum Berlin (1999- ) --- Stiftung Jüdisches Museum Berlin (1999- ) --- Jüdisches Museum im Berlin Museum --- יד ושם, רשות הזיכרון לשואה ולגבורה. --- Yad Vashem Holocaust History Museum --- Holocaust History Museum at Yad Vashem --- Applied museology --- Museography --- Museum practices --- Museum studies --- Holocaust, Nazi (Jewish Holocaust) --- Nazi Holocaust (Jewish Holocaust) --- Nazi persecution (1939-1945) --- Holocaust museum exhibits.

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Refuge Must Be Given details the evolution of Eleanor Roosevelt from someone who harbored negative impressions of Jews to become a leading Gentile champion of Israel in the United States. The book explores, for the first time, Roosevelt's partnership with the Quaker leader Clarence Pickett in seeking to admit more refugees into the United States, and her relationship with Undersecretary of State Sumner Welles, who was sympathetic to the victims of Nazi persecution yet defended a visa process that failed both Jewish and non-Jewish refugees.After the war, as a member of the American delegation to the United Nations, Eleanor Roosevelt slowly came to the conclusion that the partition of Palestine was the only solution both for the Jews in the displaced persons camps in Europe, and for the conflict between the Arabs and the Jews. When Israel became a state, she became deeply involved in supporting the work of Youth Aliyah and Hadassah, its American sponsor, in bringing Jewish refugee children to Israel and training them to become productive citizens. Her devotion to Israel reflected some of her deepest beliefs about education, citizenship, and community building. Her excitement about Israel's accomplishments and her cultural biases, however, blinded her to the impact of Israel's founding on the Arabs. Visiting the new nation four times and advocating on Israel's behalf created a warm bond not only between her and the people of Israel, but between her and the American Jewish community.

Jews. --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Judaism --- Roosevelt, Eleanor, --- Israel. --- Israel --- United States --- Foreign relations --- Emigration and immigration --- Government policy --- History --- Dawlat Isrāʼīl --- Država Izrael --- Dzi͡arz͡hava Izrailʹ --- Gosudarstvo Izrailʹ --- I-se-lieh --- Israele --- Isrāʼīl --- Isŭrael --- Isuraeru --- Izrael --- Izrailʹ --- Medinat Israel --- Medinat Yiśraʼel --- Stát Izrael --- State of Israel --- Yiselie --- Yiśraʼel --- Middle East --- Dzi︠a︡rz︠h︡ava Izrailʹ --- Ισραήλ --- Израиль --- Государство Израиль --- Дзяржава Ізраіль --- Ізраіль --- מדינת ישראל --- ישראל --- إسرائيل --- دولة إسرائيل --- イスラエル --- 以色列 --- Palestine --- National characteristics, American. --- Foreign public opinion, American. --- ADL. --- AIPAC. --- Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry. --- Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith. --- Anti-Semitism. --- Arafat. --- Carter. --- Elie Wiesel. --- Exodus. --- Holocaust Memorial. --- Holocaust. --- I. F. Stone. --- Intifada. --- Lebanon. --- Menachem Begin. --- Nazism. --- Richard Crossman. --- Zionism. --- al-Qaeda.