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Over the twentieth century monetary theory played a crucial role in the evolution of the international monetary system. The severe shocks and monetary gyrations of the interwar years interacted with theoretical developments that superseded the rigid rules of commodity standards and led to the full-fledged conception of monetary policy. The definitive demise of the gold standard then paved the way for monetary reconstruction. Monetary theory was a decisive factor in the design of the reform proposals, in the Bretton Woods negotiations, and in forging the new monetary order. The Bretton Woods system - successful but nevertheless short-lived - suffered from latent inconsistencies, both analytical and institutional, which fatally undermined the foundations of the postwar monetary architecture and brought about the epochal transition from commodity money to fiat money.

International finance --- Monetary policy --- History. --- United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference --- Bretton Woods Conference --- Conférence monétaire et financière des Nations Unies, --- Conferencia Monetaria Internacional de Bretton-Woods --- Conferencia Monetaria y Financiera de las Naciones Unidos --- Monetary and Financial Conference, United Nations --- Rengōkoku Tsūka Kinʼyū Kaigi --- United Nations Monetary & Financial Conference --- United nations monetary and financial conference, --- 332.042 --- 339.73 --- 339.73 Organisatie van internationaal betalingsverkeer. Bretton woods. --- Organisatie van internationaal betalingsverkeer. Bretton woods. --- History --- Organisatie van internationaal betalingsverkeer. Bretton woods --- Economic schools --- Business, Economy and Management --- Economics

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Eric Helleiner's new book provides a powerful corrective to conventional accounts of the negotiations at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in 1944. These negotiations resulted in the creation of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank-the key international financial institutions of the postwar global economic order. Critics of Bretton Woods have argued that its architects devoted little attention to international development issues or the concerns of poorer countries. On the basis of extensive historical research and access to new archival sources, Helleiner challenges these assumptions, providing a major reinterpretation that will interest all those concerned with the politics and history of the global economy, North-South relations, and international development.The Bretton Woods architects-who included many officials and analysts from poorer regions of the world-discussed innovative proposals that anticipated more contemporary debates about how to reconcile the existing liberal global economic order with the development aspirations of emerging powers such as India, China, and Brazil. Alongside the much-studied Anglo-American relationship was an overlooked but pioneering North-South dialogue. Helleiner's unconventional history brings to light not only these forgotten foundations of the Bretton Woods system but also their subsequent neglect after World War II.

International finance --- Economic development --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- History --- United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference --- Bretton Woods Conference --- Conférence monétaire et financière des Nations Unies, --- Conferencia Monetaria Internacional de Bretton-Woods --- Conferencia Monetaria y Financiera de las Naciones Unidos --- Monetary and Financial Conference, United Nations --- Rengōkoku Tsūka Kinʼyū Kaigi --- United Nations Monetary & Financial Conference --- United nations monetary and financial conference, --- United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference. --- E-books --- Internationale financiën

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This Open Access book from the Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy explains how money creation and banking works, describes the main problems of the current monetary and financial system and discusses several reform options. This book systematically evaluates proposals for fundamental monetary reform, including ideas to separate money and credit by breaking up banks, introducing a central bank digital currency, and introducing public payment banks. By drawing on these plans, the authors suggest several concrete reforms to the current banking system with the aim to ensure that the monetary system remains stable, contributes to the Dutch economy, fairly distributes benefits, costs and risks, and enjoys public legitimacy. This systematic approach, and the accessible way in which the book is written, allows specialized and non-specialised readers to understand the intricacies of money, banking, monetary reform and financial innovation, far beyond the Dutch context.

Political economy --- Macroeconomics --- Public administration --- Economic Policy --- Macroeconomics/Monetary Economics//Financial Economics --- Political Economy/Economic Systems --- Public Administration --- Financial Economics --- Political Economy and Economic Systems --- Open Access --- Dutch Monetary Reform --- Financial Regulation --- History of Money Creation --- Monetary Policy --- Monetary Reform --- Sovereign Money System --- The Bretton Woods Period --- The Public Role of Banks --- Monetary economics

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Challenging the standard liberal explanations for international cooperation in the field of international relations, this book contends that despite numerous efforts and the passage of time, our understanding of the cooperative phenomenon remains woefully inadequate. Sterling-Folker argues that widespread explanatory reliance on what constitutes functionally efficient choices in global interdependence is deductively illogical and empirically unsound. The author's approach for explaining international cooperation is comprised of realist and constructivist insights and places the state, rather than the market, at the center of analysis. A thorough examination of Post-Bretton Woods American monetary policy-making reveals the fundamental flaws of traditional explanations and the superiority of a realist-constructivist alternative to the cooperative phenomenon.

POLITICAL SCIENCE --- Public Policy / Economic Policy --- Money --- Finance --- Business & Economics --- Monetary policy --- Economic policy --- International cooperation. --- International agencies. --- United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference --- United States --- Foreign economic relations. --- Associations, International --- IGOs (Intergovernmental organizations) --- Institutions, International --- Intergovernmental organizations --- International administration --- International associations --- International governmental organizations --- International institutions --- International organizations --- International unions --- Organizations, International --- Specialized agencies of the United Nations --- Cooperation, International --- Global governance --- Interdependence of nations --- World order --- Bretton Woods Conference --- Conférence monétaire et financière des Nations Unies, --- Conferencia Monetaria Internacional de Bretton-Woods --- Conferencia Monetaria y Financiera de las Naciones Unidos --- Monetary and Financial Conference, United Nations --- Rengōkoku Tsūka Kinʼyū Kaigi --- United Nations Monetary & Financial Conference --- United nations monetary and financial conference, --- International cooperation --- Interorganizational relations --- Non-state actors (International relations) --- International organization --- Cooperation --- International relations --- Inter-governmental organizations --- International Cooperation --- International agencies --- Foreign economic relations --- Monetary policy - United States --- Economic policy - International cooperation --- United States - Foreign economic relations

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Most accounts explain the postwar globalization of financial markets as a product of unstoppable technological and market forces. Drawing on extensive historical research, Eric Helleiner provides the first comprehensive political history of the phenomenon, one that details and explains the central role played by states in permitting and encouraging financial globalization.Helleiner begins by highlighting the commitment of advanced industrial states to a restrictive international financial order at the 1944 Bretton Woods conference and during the early postwar years. He then explains the growing political support for the globalization of financial markets after the late 1950s by analyzing five sets of episodes: the creation of the Euromarket in the 1960s, the rejection in the early 1970s of proposals to reregulate global financial markets, four aborted initiatives in the late 1970s and early 1980s to implement effective controls on financial movements, the extensive liberalization of capital controls in the 1980s, and the containment of international financial crises at three critical junctures in the 1970s and 1980s.He shows that these developments resulted from various factors, including the unique hegemonic interests of the United States and Britain in finance, a competitive deregulation dynamic, ideological shifts, and the construction of a crisis-prevention regime among leading central bankers. In his conclusion Helleiner addresses the question of why states have increasingly embraced an open, liberal international financial order in an era of considerable trade protectionism.

International finance. --- Monetary policy. --- State, The. --- Administration --- Commonwealth, The --- Sovereignty --- Political science --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- International monetary system --- International money --- Finance --- International economic relations --- International finance --- Monetary policy --- State, The --- bretton woods --- etat --- histoire economique --- marche international financier --- politique monetaire --- 321.2 --- 333.432.8 --- 333.600 --- 333.605 --- 336.61 --- AA / International- internationaal --- staat --- economische geschiedenis --- internationale financiele markt --- monetair beleid --- Economisch beleid van de overheid --- Internationale monetaire organisatie. Internationaal Muntfonds. Algemene leningovereenkomsten --- Financiële markten. Kapitaalmarkten (algemeenheden) --- Nieuwe financiële instrumenten --- Financieel beleid --- Histoire économique --- --Finance --- --1944-1990 --- --International finance --- --International finance.