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Why do we divide our world into contraries? Why do we perceive and interpret so many of life's contraries as mutually exclusive, either/or dichotomies such as individual~collective, self~other, body~mind, nature~nurture, cooperation~competition? Throughout history, many have recognized that truth may well lie in between such polar opposites. In The Complementary Nature, Scott Kelso and David Engstrøm contend that ubiquitous contraries are complementary and propose a comprehensive, empirically based scientific theory of how the polarized world and the world in between can be reconciled. They nominate the tilde, or squiggle (~), as the symbolic punctuation for reconciled complementary pairs. Experiments show that the human brain is capable of displaying two apparently contradictory, mutually exclusive behaviors at the same time. Coordination dynamics -- a mathematically expressed theory that reconciles the scientific language of "states" with the novel dynamical language of "tendencies"--Attests to the complementary nature inherent in human brains and behavior. It may explain, Kelso and Engstrøm argue, why we (and nature) appear to partition things, events, and ideas into pairs. Kelso and Engstrøm's account is not just metaphorical; the reconciliations they describe are grounded in the principles and mathematical language of the theory of coordination dynamics. The Complementary Nature provides a clear-cut methodology for this evolving theory of brain and behavior that can also be applied to areas and developments outside the neurosciences, hence aiding reconciliations within and between disparate fields.

Cognitive psychology --- Philosophical anthropology --- Philosophy of science --- Brain --- Mental Processes. --- Neuropsychology --- Nonlinear Dynamics. --- Systems Theory. --- Brain. --- Neuropsychology. --- Cognitive neuroscience. --- Cerveau --- Neuropsychologie --- Neurosciences cognitives --- physiology. --- methods. --- COGNITIVE SCIENCES/General --- COGNITIVE SCIENCES/Psychology/Cognitive Psychology --- Cognitive neuropsychology --- Cognitive science --- Neurophysiology --- Psychophysiology --- Cerebrum --- Mind --- Central nervous system --- Head

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This book addresses the molecular bases of some of the most important biochemical rhythms known at the cellular level. Clarifying the mechanism of these oscillatory phenomena is of key importance for understanding the origin as well as the physiological function of these rhythms, and the conditions in which simple periodic behaviour transforms into complex oscillations including bursting and chaos. It will appeal to graduate students and researchers in a wide variety of fields. On the one hand, it will be of interest to life scientists such as biochemists, cell biologists, medical scientists, pharmacologists and chronobiologists. On the other hand, scientists studying nonlinear phenomena, including oscillations and chaos, in chemistry, physics, mathematics and mathematical biology will also find these ideas of value.

Biological rhythms --- Cell physiology --- Chaotic behavior in systems --- Oscillating chemical reactions --- 57.034 --- 576.32/.36 --- 576.32/.36 Cell physiology. Cell biochemistry. Cell biophysics. Molecular biology of the cell --- Cell physiology. Cell biochemistry. Cell biophysics. Molecular biology of the cell --- 57.034 Cyclic variations, oscillation. Rhythmicity. --- Cyclic variations, oscillation. Rhythmicity. --- Chemical oscillations --- Chemical systems, Oscillations in --- Oscillating reactions --- Oscillations, Chemical --- Oscillations (Chemical kinetics) --- Oscillations in chemical reactions --- Oscillations in chemical systems --- Oscillatory reactions --- Reactions, Oscillating --- Reactions, Oscillations in chemical --- Reactions, Oscillatory --- Chemical reactions --- Chaos in systems --- Chaos theory --- Chaotic motion in systems --- Differentiable dynamical systems --- Dynamics --- Nonlinear theories --- System theory --- Cell function --- Cytology --- Physiology --- Biological clocks --- Biology --- Biorhythms --- Endogenous rhythms --- Living clocks --- Rhythms, Biological --- Chronobiology --- Cycles --- Pacemaker cells --- Periodicity --- Molecular biology --- Rythmes biologiques --- Cellules --- Chaos --- Réactions chimiques périodiques --- Physiologie --- Cell Physiology --- Biological rhythms. --- Cell physiology. --- Chaotic behavior in systems. --- Oscillating chemical reactions. --- Réactions chimiques périodiques --- Cyclic variations, oscillation. Rhythmicity --- Biomathematics. Biometry. Biostatistics --- General biochemistry --- Chronobiology phenomena --- Models, theoretical --- Nonlinear dynamics

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Many historical processes are dynamic. Populations grow and decline. Empires expand and collapse. Religions spread and wither. Natural scientists have made great strides in understanding dynamical processes in the physical and biological worlds using a synthetic approach that combines mathematical modeling with statistical analyses. Taking up the problem of territorial dynamics--why some polities at certain times expand and at other times contract--this book shows that a similar research program can advance our understanding of dynamical processes in history. Peter Turchin develops hypotheses from a wide range of social, political, economic, and demographic factors: geopolitics, factors affecting collective solidarity, dynamics of ethnic assimilation/religious conversion, and the interaction between population dynamics and sociopolitical stability. He then translates these into a spectrum of mathematical models, investigates the dynamics predicted by the models, and contrasts model predictions with empirical patterns. Turchin's highly instructive empirical tests demonstrate that certain models predict empirical patterns with a very high degree of accuracy. For instance, one model accounts for the recurrent waves of state breakdown in medieval and early modern Europe. And historical data confirm that ethno-nationalist solidarity produces an aggressively expansive state under certain conditions (such as in locations where imperial frontiers coincide with religious divides). The strength of Turchin's results suggests that the synthetic approach he advocates can significantly improve our understanding of historical dynamics.

Historiometry. --- History --- Historical models --- Historiometry --- Historiometrics --- Biography --- Psychohistory --- Mathematical models. --- Methodology --- Psychological aspects --- Mathematical models --- Statistical methods --- Demography --- Asia Minor. --- Black Death. --- English Revolution. --- Europe. --- France. --- Russia. --- agrarian polities. --- asabiya. --- autocatalytic model. --- boom–bust dynamics. --- boundless growth. --- class structure. --- cliodynamics. --- collective solidarity. --- collectivism. --- commoners. --- conflict legitimacy dynamics. --- cultural regions. --- demographic-fiscal model. --- demographic-structural theory. --- dynamical processes. --- elites. --- empires. --- endogenous systems. --- equilibrium. --- ethnic assimilation. --- ethnic identity. --- ethnies. --- ethnogenesis. --- ethnokinetic model. --- ethnokinetics. --- frontier index. --- frontiers. --- geopolitics. --- group dynamics. --- group solidarity. --- hierarchical modeling. --- historical dynamics. --- historical sociology. --- imperial boundaries. --- individualism. --- internal warfare. --- linguistic assimilation. --- marchland position. --- mathematical modeling. --- mathematical models. --- mathematical theory. --- metaethnic fault lines. --- metaethnic frontier theory. --- metaethnic frontiers. --- metaethnie. --- metastable dynamics. --- noninteractive model. --- nonlinear dynamics. --- political cycles. --- political instability. --- polity dynamics. --- population density. --- population dynamics. --- population numbers. --- population oscillations. --- primary data. --- process order. --- quantitative theories. --- religious conversion. --- secondary data. --- secular cycles. --- secular oscillations. --- social capital. --- socioeconomic dynamics. --- sociopolitical stability. --- state breakdown. --- sustained oscillations. --- territorial dynamics. --- threshold model. --- vulnerability.