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It is widely believed today that the free market is the best mechanism ever invented to efficiently allocate resources in society. Just as fundamental as faith in the free market is the belief that government has a legitimate and competent role in policing and the punishment arena. This curious incendiary combination of free market efficiency and the Big Brother state has become seemingly obvious, but it hinges on the illusion of a supposedly natural order in the economic realm. This work argues that our faith in "free markets" has severely distorted American politics and punishment practices. The author traces the birth of the idea of natural order to eighteenth century economic thought and reveals its gradual evolution through the Chicago School of economics and ultimately into today's myth of the free market. The modern category of "liberty" emerged in reaction to an earlier, integrated vision of punishment and public economy, known in the eighteenth century as "police." This development shaped the dominant belief today that competitive markets are inherently efficient and should be sharply demarcated from a government run penal sphere. ThIs modern vision rests on a simple but devastating illusion. Superimposing the political categories of "freedom" or "discipline" on forms of market organization has the unfortunate effect of obscuring rather than enlightening. It obscures by making both the free market and the prison system seem natural and necessary. In the process, it facilitated the birth of the penitentiary system in the nineteenth century and its ultimate culmination into mass incarceration today.
Economic order --- United States --- Punishment --- Free enterprise --- Chicago school of economics --- Chicago Board of Trade --- Chicago school of economics. --- Chicago Board of Trade. --- economie de marche libre --- AA / International- internationaal --- US / United States of America - USA - Verenigde Staten - Etats Unis --- FR / France - Frankrijk --- 330.1 --- 330.52 --- 351.5 --- 321.2 --- vrije markteconomie --- Domein en natuur van de staathuishoudkunde. --- Liberaal systeem. Neo-liberalisme. Theorie van de onderhandeling. --- Politie van de industrie, de handel en het vervoer. --- Economisch beleid van de overheid. --- E-books --- Monetarism --- Institutional economics --- Neoclassical school of economics --- Schools of economics --- Chicago. --- Board of Trade of the City of Chicago --- Board of Trade of Chicago --- CBOT --- CME Group --- Economisch beleid van de overheid --- Domein en natuur van de staathuishoudkunde --- Liberaal systeem. Neo-liberalisme. Theorie van de onderhandeling --- Politie van de industrie, de handel en het vervoer --- Punishment - United States --- Free enterprise - United States --- United States of America
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Exploiting our boundless desire to access everything all the time, digital technology is breaking down whatever boundaries still exist between the state, the market, and the private realm. Bernard Harcourt offers a powerful critique of what he calls the expository society, revealing just how unfree we are becoming and how little we seem to care.
Human rights --- Computer. Automation --- cultuurfilosofie --- mediatheorie --- mediakunde --- bewaking --- satelliettechnologie --- surveillance --- Big Brother --- activisme --- sociale media --- informatiewetenschap --- informatiedesign --- 130.2 --- filosofie --- sociologie --- politiek --- media --- Information technology --- Privacy, Right of. --- Technologie de l'information --- Droit à la vie privée --- Social aspects. --- Aspect social --- Privacy, Right of --- Social aspects --- Information technology - Social aspects
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Foucault's early writings on psychology and psychopathology have been considered by most interpreters to be immature in relationship to the "archaeological" work he launched with History of Madness. But this position becomes untenable in light of the newly discovered unpublished manuscripts of the 1950s, when he was a lecturer at the University of Lille. These documents now allow us to acknowledge the discrepancy between the tremendous amount of work that the philosopher produced and the very few writings that he published in the decade before his doctoral dissertation appeared in 1961. Recently discovered archival sources provide us with new information and details about the philosophical context and scientific network in which Foucault elaborated his first works. Young Foucault analyzes the general epistemological "style" and methodology of Foucault's philosophical project at the moment of its inception. It blurs the boundaries between biography and theoretical research in order to retrace the transformations, the difficulties and sometimes the contradictions that characterize the intellectual trajectory of a philosopher who, as Foucault himself put it, "turned to psychology, and from psychology to history.
Phenomenological psychology. --- Philosophical anthropology. --- Psychology --- History --- Foucault, Michel, --- Foucault, Michel --- Binswanger, Ludwig, --- Influence. --- Philosophical anthropology --- Binswanger, Ludwig
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"L’organisation d’une pénalité d’enfermement n’est pas simplement récente, elle est énigmatique. Qu’est-ce qui pénètre dans la prison ? En tout cas, pas la loi. Que fabrique-t-elle ? Une communauté d’ennemis intérieurs". C’est en ces termes que Michel Foucault dénonce, dans ce cours prononcé en 1973, et que viendra compléter, en 1975, son ouvrage Surveiller et punir, le "cercle carcéral". La Société punitive étudie ainsi comment les sociétés traitent les individus ou les groupes dont elles souhaitent se débarrasser, c’est-à-dire les tactiques punitives, mais aussi la prise de pouvoir sur le corps et sur le temps et l’instauration du couple pénalité-délinquance. Michel Foucault retrace l'histoire des "tactiques fines de la sanction" dont il distingue quatre modalités : exiler ; imposer un rachat ; marquer ; enfermer. C'est dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle que se développe une "science des prisons" à fonction corrective et que se construit un discours sur le criminel et son traitement possible, donnant naissance à un schéma de société qui vise à l’absolu du contrôle et de la surveillance. L’ajustement entre le système judiciaire et le mécanisme de surveillance (l’organisation d’une police), entre l’émergence de la richesse et la pratique des illégalismes, entre la force corporelle de l’ouvrier et l’appareil de production s’accomplit ensuite au tournant du XIXe siècle. Foucault démontre donc que ce sont les instances de contrôle para-pénal du XVIIe et du XVIIIe siècle qui ont abouti, in fine, au fonctionnement de la prison, visant à l’élimination du désordre, au contrôle de la distribution spatiale des individus, de leur emplacement par rapport à l’appareil productif. La Société punitive finit par poser la question, cruciale aux yeux du philosophe, de la validité intrinsèque de la loi pénale. A-t-elle vocation universelle ou se limite-t-elle à la douteuse applicabilité d’une somme de décrets ?
Political philosophy. Social philosophy --- Social control --- Punishment --- Prison sentences --- Criminal law --- Contrôle social --- Peines --- Peines d'emprisonnement --- Droit pénal --- History --- Social aspects --- Histoire --- Aspect social --- Foucault, Michel, --- Punition --- Aspect moral --- Sociologie --- Contrôle social --- Droit pénal --- Histoire. --- Aspect moral. --- Sociologie. --- 17e siècle-20e siècle. --- Aspect sociologique. --- Contrôle social. --- Droit criminel. --- Individu et société. --- Morale. --- Normes sociales. --- Peine (Droit). --- Peines. --- Philosophie. --- Punition. --- Soziale Kontrolle. --- Strafe. --- Aspect social. --- Philosophy. --- History. --- Social aspects. --- Foucault, Michel, - 1926-1984
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Justice. --- Truth. --- Confession (Law) --- Law --- Philosophy. --- Confession (Law). --- Justice --- Truth --- Conviction --- Belief and doubt --- Philosophy --- Skepticism --- Certainty --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Pragmatism --- Jurisprudence --- Injustice --- Conduct of life --- Common good --- Fairness --- Criminal procedure --- Evidence, Criminal --- Evidence (Law) --- Political philosophy. Social philosophy --- Theory of knowledge
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Théories et Institutions pénales est le titre donné par Michel Foucault au cours qu’il prononce au Collège de France de novembre 1971 à mars 1972. Dans ces leçons, Michel Foucault théorise, pour la première fois, la question du pouvoir qui va l’occuper jusqu’à la rédaction de Surveiller et punir (1975) et au-delà, d’abord à travers la relation minutieuse de la répression par Richelieu de la révolte des Nu-pieds (1639-1640), puis en montrant comment le dispositif de pouvoir élaboré à cette occasion par la monarchie rompt avec l’économie des institutions juridiques etjudiciaires du Moyen Âge et ouvre sur un « appareil judiciaire d’État », un « système répressif » dont la fonction va se centrer sur l’enfermement de ceux qui défient son ordre. Michel Foucault systématise l’approche d’une histoire de la vérité à partir de l’étude des « matrices juridico-politiques », étude qu’il avait commencée dans le cours de l’année précédente (Leçons sur la volonté de savoir), et qui est au coeur de la notion de « relation de savoir-pouvoir ». Ce cours développe sa théorie de la justice et du droit pénal. La parution de ce volume marque la fin de la publication de la série des Cours de Michel Foucault au Collège de France (dont le premier volume a été publié en 1997).
Political philosophy. Social philosophy --- Criminology. Victimology --- France --- Criminal justice, Administration of --- Punishment --- Social control --- Justice pénale --- Peines --- Contrôle social --- History --- Administration --- Histoire --- Foucault, Michel, --- Justice (philosophie) --- Pouvoir judiciaire --- Droit --- Philosophie --- Power (Philosophy) --- Judicial power --- Justice (Philosophy) --- Law --- Political aspects --- Justice pénale --- Contrôle social --- Pouvoir judiciaire. --- Administration. --- Philosophie. --- 1 FOUCAULT, MICHEL --- 1 FOUCAULT, MICHEL Filosofie. Psychologie--FOUCAULT, MICHEL --- Filosofie. Psychologie--FOUCAULT, MICHEL --- 08.25 contemporary western philosophy (20th and 21th century). --- 08.25. --- Criminal justice, Administration of. --- Judicial power. --- Justice (Philosophy). --- Power (Philosophy). --- Political aspects. --- France. --- Law - Political aspects --- Foucault, Michel, - 1926-1984 --- Foucault, Michel, 1926-1984
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