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Electrochemical capacitors are being increasingly introduced in energy storage devices, for example, in automobiles, renewable energies, and mobile terminals. This book includes five high-quality papers that can lead to technological developments in electrochemical capacitors. The first paper describes the effect of the milling degree of activated carbon particles used in the electrodes on the supercapacitive performance of an electric double-layer capacitor. The second, fourth, and fifth papers describe novel electrode materials that have the potential to enhance the performance of next-generation electrochemical capacitors. Nickel molybdate/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite, copper-decorated carbon nanotubes, and nickel hydroxide/activated carbon composite are tested, and are shown to be promising candidates for next-generation electrochemical capacitors. The third paper reports the hybrid utilization of electrochemical capacitors with other types of energy devices (photovoltaics, fuel cells, and batteries) in a DC microgrid, which ensures wider applications of electrochemical capacitors in the near future. The knowledge and experience in this book are beneficial in manufacturing and utilizing electrochemical capacitors. Cutting-edge knowledge related to novel electrode nano-materials is also helpful to design next-generation electrochemical capacitors. This book delivers useful information to specialists involved in energy storage technologies.

CNT --- copper --- composite --- energy storage --- DC microgrid --- energy management --- hybrid power system --- energy efficiency --- nickel-cobalt hydroxide --- activated carbon --- hybrid capacitor prototype case study --- KOH aqueous electrolyte energy storage device --- coin-cell prototype --- electrochemical performance --- starch --- porous structure --- NiMoO4/3D-rGO nanocomposite --- NiMoO4 NPs --- ball milling --- electric double-layer capacitor --- supercapacitor --- electrode --- specific capacitance --- energy density --- power density

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This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue “Energy Harvesters and Self-Powered Sensors for Smart Electronics” that was published in Micromachines, which showcases the rapid development of various energy harvesting technologies and novel devices. In the current 5G and Internet of Things (IoT) era, energy demand for numerous and widely distributed IoT nodes has greatly driven the innovation of various energy harvesting technologies, providing key functionalities as energy harvesters (i.e., sustainable power supplies) and/or self-powered sensors for diverse IoT systems. Accordingly, this book includes one editorial and nine research articles to explore different aspects of energy harvesting technologies such as electromagnetic energy harvesters, piezoelectric energy harvesters, and hybrid energy harvesters. The mechanism design, structural optimization, performance improvement, and a wide range of energy harvesting and self-powered monitoring applications have been involved. This book can serve as a guidance for researchers and students who would like to know more about the device design, optimization, and applications of different energy harvesting technologies.

energy harvesting --- vibration --- broadband --- resonant frequency --- piezoelectric vibration energy harvester --- low frequency --- wideband --- modeling --- energy harvester --- temperature threshold --- piezoelectricity --- vibrational cantilever --- bimetallic effect --- piezoelectric --- optimization --- pattern search --- FEM --- PZT --- electromagnetic --- hybrid energy harvester --- power density improvement --- piezoelectric energy harvester --- tandem --- vortex-induced vibration --- flowing water --- vibration energy harvesting --- electromagnetic generator (EMG) --- nonlinear --- magnetic coupling --- high performance --- diamagnetically stabilized levitation --- Taguchi method --- stable levitation --- maximum gap --- electromagnetic energy harvester --- human body kinetic energy --- n/a

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Electromagnetism plays a crucial role in basic and applied physics research. The discovery of electromagnetism as the unifying theory for electricity and magnetism represents a cornerstone in modern physics. Symmetry was crucial to the concept of unification: electromagnetism was soon formulated as a gauge theory in which local phase symmetry explained its mathematical formulation. This early connection between symmetry and electromagnetism shows that a symmetry-based approach to many electromagnetic phenomena is recurrent, even today. Moreover, many recent technological advances are based on the control of electromagnetic radiation in nearly all its spectra and scales, the manipulation of matter–radiation interactions with unprecedented levels of sophistication, or new generations of electromagnetic materials. This is a fertile field for applications and for basic understanding in which symmetry, as in the past, bridges apparently unrelated phenomena―from condensed matter to high-energy physics. In this book, we present modern contributions in which symmetry proves its value as a key tool. From dual-symmetry electrodynamics to applications to sustainable smart buildings, or magnetocardiography, we can find a plentiful crop, full of exciting examples of modern approaches to electromagnetism. In all cases, symmetry sheds light on the theoretical and applied works presented in this book.

electromagnetic knots --- helicity --- spin-orbital momentum --- magnetocardiography --- quadratic penalty --- variational mode decomposition --- correlation coefficient --- interval thresholding method --- periodic structures --- dispersion diagram --- high-order coupling --- glide symmetry --- smart building --- harmonics --- geometric algebra --- Poynting Multivector --- electric-magnetic duality symmetry --- quantum anomalies --- optical helicity --- electromagnetic polarization --- particle creation --- Maxwell theory --- constraint equations --- evolutionary equations --- Barium hexaferrite --- titanium --- hysteresis --- X-ray diffraction --- permanent magnet applications --- n/a --- hopfion --- Bateman construction --- null fields --- magnetic levitation --- electrodynamic structure --- ground high speed system --- finite element analysis --- non-local action --- electrodynamics --- electromagnetic duality symmetry --- Aharonov-Bohm effect --- Harvesting --- low-power applications --- vibration --- micro-generator --- optimal solution --- magnetic circuit --- periodical structure --- effective power density --- symmetry

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This second Special Issue connects both the fundamental and application aspects of thermomechanical machines and processes. Among them, engines have the largest place (Diesel, Lenoir, Brayton, Stirling), even if their environmental aspects are questionable for the future. Mechanical and chemical processes as well as quantum processes that could be important in the near future are considered from a thermodynamical point of view as well as for applications and their relevance to quantum thermodynamics. New insights are reported regarding more classical approaches: Finite Time Thermodynamics F.T.T.; Finite Speed thermodynamics F.S.T.; Finite Dimensions Optimal Thermodynamics F.D.O.T. The evolution of the research resulting from this second Special Issue ranges from basic cycles to complex systems and the development of various new branches of thermodynamics.

combined cycle --- inverse Brayton cycle --- regenerative Brayton cycle --- power output --- thermal efficiency --- finite time thermodynamics --- closed simple Brayton cycle --- power density --- ecological function --- multi-objective optimization --- quantum thermodynamics --- quantum circuit --- open quantum system --- isothermal process --- IBM quantum computer --- Stirling refrigerator --- thermodynamic analysis --- numerical model --- imperfect regeneration --- irreversible Lenoir cycle --- cycle power --- heat conductance distribution --- performance optimization --- irreversible Carnot engine --- optimization --- thermodynamics with finite speed --- internal and external irreversibilities --- entropy generation calculation --- thermodynamics in finite time --- irreversible Diesel cycle --- Carnot cycle --- Carnot efficiency --- thermal entropy --- chemical entropy --- mechanical entropy --- thermal exergy --- chemical exergy --- mechanical exergy --- metabolic reactions --- Carnot engine --- Chambadal model --- entropy production action --- efficiency at maximum power --- n/a

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Carbon materials are one of the most fascinating materials because of their unique properties and potential use in several applications. They can be obtained from residues or by using advanced synthesis technologies like chemical vapor deposition. The carbon family is very broad, ranging from classical activated carbons to more advanced species such as carbon nanotubes and graphene. The surface chemistry is one of the most interesting aspects of this broad family of materials, which allows the incorporation of different types of chemical functionalities or heteroatoms on the carbon surface, such as O, N, B, S, or P, which can modify the acid–base character, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, or the electronic properties of these materials and, thus, determine the final application. This book represents a collection of original research articles and communications focused on the synthesis, properties, and applications of heteroatom-doped functional carbon materials.

targeted adsorption --- graphene oxide --- bonding type --- oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) --- doping --- catalysis --- porous carbon --- Cd(II) --- nitrogen-doped graphene oxide --- sp3-defect --- heteroatoms --- amino group --- nitrogen-doped --- energy storage --- cross-link bond type --- energy power density --- polyaniline --- environmental remediation --- molten salt --- adsorption --- polyphosphates --- microcrystalline cellulose --- carbo microsphere --- Orange G --- carbon materials --- chemical functionalization --- physicochemical properties --- supercapacitor capacitance --- nanoparticles and shallow reservoirs --- pulse laser deposition --- co-activation method --- carbon capture and storage process (CCS) --- biochar --- CO2 --- adsorption studies --- graphene --- polypyrrole --- oxygen peroxide oxidation --- carbon nanotubes --- salt and base --- nanofluids --- carbon gels --- bio-phenol resin --- synergism --- magnetic moment --- photocatalysis --- oxygen reduction reaction --- carbon dioxide --- surface chemistry --- functionalized graphene oxide --- nitrogen-doped carbon materials --- N–doped carbon --- p-phenylene diamine --- electrochemical analysis --- mesoporosity --- carbon dioxide adsorption --- electrode material --- nitrogen-doped graphene --- nitrogen and oxygen doped activated carbon --- electrocatalysis --- supercapacitor