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Liquid crystal devices. --- Light modulators.

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In this book, the first high-speed silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) modulator is demonstrated by exploiting a highly-nonlinear polymer cladding and a silicon waveguide. By using a liquid crystal cladding instead, an ultra-low power phase shifter is obtained. A third type of device is proposed for achieving three-wave mixing on the silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) platform. Finally, new physical constants which describe the optical absorption in charge accumulation/inversion layers in silicon are determined.

optical absorption --- high-speed modulators --- mid-IR --- Silicon photonics --- liquid crystals

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Silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) modulators add a highly efficient nonlinear organic electro-optic cladding material to the silicon photonic platform, thereby enabling efficient electro-optic modulation. In this book, the application potential of SOH modulators is investigated. Proof-of-principle experiments show that they can be used for high-speed communications at symbol rates up to 100 GBd and operated directly from a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) without additional driver amplifiers.

photonic integration --- Silizium-Photonik --- optical communications --- electro-optic modulators --- Optische Kommunikation --- silicon photonics --- Elektro-Optische Modulatoren --- Integrierte Optik

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In this book, silicon photonic integrated circuits are combined with electro-optic organic materials for realizing energy-efficient modulators with unprecedented performance. These silicon-organic hybrid Mach-Zehnder modulators feature a compact size, sub-Volt drive voltages, and they support data rates up to 84 Gbit/s. In addition, a wet chemical waveguide fabrication scheme and an efficient fiber-chip coupling scheme are presented.

elektro-optische Modulatoren --- photonic integrated circuit --- Silizium-Photonik --- Pockel's effect --- ChromophorSilicon photonic --- electro-optic modulators --- chromophore --- integrierte Optik --- Pockels-Effekt

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The increasing awareness on the varied consequences of hypogonadism in distinct organs and systems has supported the notion of estrogens as systemic agents. This observation is congruent with the variety of tissues affected by - trogens when used in hormone therapy formulations on hypogonadic women. Apart from the genital tract and the breast, recognized as traditional targets for estrogens, the skeleton, the vascular tree, or the central nervous system, are good examples of territories that have demonstrated sensitivity to estrogens. This evidence has created great interest, as shown by the great amount of lit- ature that has been produced on the bene?ts and risks associated with the use of estrogens. In parallel to the clinical interest, basic research has improved our kno- edge on the complexities involved in estrogen action at the molecular level. Together with effects mediated through speci?c receptors, a concept that has been the mainstay of the interpretation of estrogen action for years, there is enough evidence to hold the notion of receptor-independent effects. The substantial advances in modern technology applied to research have helped in enlightening the particulars of this versatile action of estrogens. This more detailed knowledge on the sophisticated mechanism of action of estrogens has nourished the emergence of multiple hypotheses speculating with the p- sibility of manipulating estrogen action. The notion that a widely extended regulatory system of cell function, as it is the estrogen receptor machinery, might be modulated at wish has arisen as an attractive, although still elusive postulate.

Selective estrogen receptor modulators. --- Menopause --- Estrogen --- Hormone therapy. --- Antagonists. --- Antagonists, Estrogen --- Antiestrogens --- Estrogen antagonists --- Hormone antagonists --- Estrogen replacement therapy for menopause --- Hormone replacement therapy for menopause --- Hormone therapy --- Estrogen receptor modulators, Selective --- SERMs (Drugs) --- Estrogen replacement therapy --- Hormone replacement therapy --- Agonists --- Antagonists --- Gynecology. --- Rheumatology. --- Endocrinology. --- Internal medicine --- Hormones --- Connective tissues --- Joints --- Gynaecology --- Medicine --- Generative organs, Female --- Diseases --- Gynecology . --- Endocrinology .