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Single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) represent the minimal antigen binding-competent form of the immunoglobulin domain and have unique properties and applications. SdAbs are naturally produced as the variable domains of the heavy chain-only antibodies of camelid ruminants and cartilaginous fishes, but can also be engineered synthetically from autonomous human or mouse VH or VL domains. The scope of this research topic and associated e-book covers current understanding and new developments in (i) the biology, immunology and immunogenetics of sdAbs in camelids and cartilaginous fishes, (ii) strategies for sdAb discovery, (iii) protein engineering approaches to increase the solubility, stability and antigen-binding affinity of sdAbs and (iv) specialized applications of sdAbs in areas such diagnostics, imaging and therapeutics.
antibody engineering --- antibody discovery --- therapeutic antibody --- diagnostic antibody --- single-domain antibody
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Chemical Linkers in Antibody-Drug Conjugates aims to shine a detailed light on the various key attributes of chemical linkers in ADCs, for drug-to-antibody ratio, for stability, for release mechanism of payload, for pharmacokinetics, for stability determination, and for efficacy and safety.
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The Natural Anti-Gal Antibody as Foe Turned Friend in Medicine provides a comprehensive review of the natural anti-Gal antibody, which is the most abundant antibody in humans constituting ~1% of immunoglobulins and the carbohydrate antigen it recognizes, the?-gal epitope. It discusses the discovery of this antigen/antibody system, its evolution in mammals, the pathological effects of this antibody, and its possible use in various therapies in humans. Most significantly, the book discusses microbial and regenerative therapies in which an antibody present in all humans may be harnessed as an in vivo pharmaceutical agent that enables a wide variety of therapies. Some of these therapies are described as experimental studies that are compiled in this book, other already studied therapies in the area of cancer immunotherapy are also included in this book.
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Immunopharmacology --- Immunotoxicology --- Allergy and Immunology --- Immune System --- Pharmacology --- drug effects --- Immunotoxins --- Communicable Diseases --- Immunopharmacology. --- Immunotoxicology. --- Immunology. --- Pharmacology. --- Toxicology. --- Immunotoxins. --- Allergy and Immunology. --- Communicable Diseases. --- Immunologic toxicology --- Immunotoxicity --- Pharmacoimmunology --- Infectious Diseases --- Communicable Disease --- Disease, Communicable --- Disease, Infectious --- Diseases, Communicable --- Diseases, Infectious --- Infectious Disease --- Pharmacologies --- Pharmaceutical Preparations --- Allergy Specialty --- Allergy, Immunology --- Immunology and Allergy --- Immunology, Allergy --- Immunology --- Specialty, Allergy --- Affinotoxins --- Chimeric Toxin --- Immunotoxin --- Monoclonal Antibody-Toxin Conjugates --- Toxin Carrier --- Toxin Conjugate --- Antibody-Toxin Conjugates --- Antibody-Toxin Hybrids --- Chimeric Toxins --- Cytotoxin-Antibody Conjugates --- Targeted Toxins --- Toxin Carriers --- Toxin Conjugates --- Toxin-Antibody Conjugates --- Toxin-Antibody Hybrids --- Toxins, Chimeric --- Toxins, Targeted --- Antibody Toxin Conjugates --- Antibody Toxin Hybrids --- Antibody-Toxin Conjugates, Monoclonal --- Carrier, Toxin --- Carriers, Toxin --- Conjugate, Toxin --- Conjugates, Antibody-Toxin --- Conjugates, Cytotoxin-Antibody --- Conjugates, Monoclonal Antibody-Toxin --- Conjugates, Toxin --- Conjugates, Toxin-Antibody --- Cytotoxin Antibody Conjugates --- Hybrids, Antibody-Toxin --- Hybrids, Toxin-Antibody --- Monoclonal Antibody Toxin Conjugates --- Toxin Antibody Conjugates --- Toxin Antibody Hybrids --- Toxin, Chimeric --- pharmacology --- Immunopathology --- Toxicology --- Disease Outbreaks --- Disease Transmission, Infectious --- Recombinant Fusion Proteins --- Antibodies, Bispecific --- Affinotoxin --- Antibody-Toxin Conjugate --- Antibody-Toxin Hybrid --- Cytotoxin-Antibody Conjugate --- Monoclonal Antibody-Toxin Conjugate --- Targeted Toxin --- Toxin-Antibody Conjugate --- Toxin-Antibody Hybrid --- Antibody Toxin Conjugate --- Antibody Toxin Hybrid --- Antibody-Toxin Conjugate, Monoclonal --- Conjugate, Antibody-Toxin --- Conjugate, Cytotoxin-Antibody --- Conjugate, Monoclonal Antibody-Toxin --- Conjugate, Toxin-Antibody --- Cytotoxin Antibody Conjugate --- Hybrid, Antibody-Toxin --- Hybrid, Toxin-Antibody --- Monoclonal Antibody Toxin Conjugate --- Toxin Antibody Conjugate --- Toxin Antibody Hybrid --- Toxin, Targeted
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Invasive fungal diseases have increased many fold over the past 50 years. Current treatment regimens typically require prolonged administration of antifungal medications that can have significant toxicity. Moreover, our present potent antifungal armamentarium fails to eradicate fungal pathogens from certain compromised hosts. Additionally, invasive fungal diseases continue to have unacceptably high mortality rates. A growing body of work has focused on the utility of vaccines and/or immunotherapy as a powerful tool in combating mycoses, either for the active treatment, as an adjuvant, or in the prevention of specific fungal pathogens. Also, it is growing the interest over new drugs development as second choice for treatment when traditional chemotherapy fail. This Research Topic will detail the exciting progress in developing vaccines, immunotherapy and new drugs for fungi.
antifugal drugs --- vaccine --- peptide --- antibody --- virulence --- fungi --- immunotherapy --- humanized antibody --- mycosis --- cell biology
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This book provides comprehensive up-to-date information on the structure and function of immunoglobulins. It describes the basic features of these molecules, which assists the reader in understanding how they function as an integral part of the immune system. The Immunoglobulins describes the localization and structure of different binding sites of immunoglobulin molecules, including the antigen-binding site, on the basis of latest x-ray crystallography studies. It discusses recently developed biotechnological methods that allow scientists to obtain fully active antibody molecules in
Immunoglobulins. --- Immune complexes. --- Antibody-antigen complexes --- Antigen-antibody complexes --- Antigens --- Immunoglobulins --- Antibodies --- Immune globulins --- Immune serum globulin --- Blood proteins --- Globulins --- Plasma cells --- Antibody diversity --- Bacterial immunoglobulin-binding proteins
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Monoclonal antibodies --- Antibodies, Monoclonal --- Monoclonal antibodies. --- Therapeutic use --- Therapeutic use. --- Monoclonal immunoglobulins --- Monoclonal Antibodies --- Immunoglobulins --- Molecular cloning --- Hybridomas --- Health Sciences --- Pharmacy and Pharmacology --- Monoclonal Antibody --- Antibody, Monoclonal --- Antibodies, Monoclonal. --- immunology --- antibodies --- cancer --- antibody therapeutics --- antibody engineering
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Influenza virus infections lead to thousands of deaths worldwide annually and billions of dollars economic burden. Despite continuing advances in our understanding of the immune evasion mechanism, the disease remains one of the foremost threat for human being. Traditional vaccines (attenuated and inactivated) mainly provide protection by inducing virus neutralizing antibodies, targeting ever changing surface antigens: Haemagultinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA). Due to genetic shift and immune selection pressure, prevalence of circulating influenza virus subtypes changes every year. Therefore, mismatch between circulating strain and vaccine strain can critically affect the success rate of these conventional flu vaccines, and requires continuous monitoring of circulating influenza virus subtypes and change in the vaccine formulations accordingly. The collective limitations of existing flu vaccines urgently call for the development of a novel universal vaccines that might provide the required protective immunity to a range of influenza virus subtypes. New approaches are being investigated mainly targeting conserved regions of flu proteins. Some of these approaches include universally conserved epitopes of HA, nucleoprotein (NP), capsid protein (M1) and ion channel protein (M2) that induced strong immune responses in animal models. Some attention and progress appears to be focused on vaccines based on the M2 ectodomain (M2e) employing a variety of constructs, adjuvants and delivery systems, including M2e-hepatitis B core antigen, flagellin constructs, and virus-like particles (VLP). Animal studies with these M2e candidate vaccines demonstrated that these vaccine candidates can prevent severe illness and death but not infection, which may pose difficulties in both the evaluation of clinical efficacy and approval by the regulatory authorities. VLP vaccines appear to be promising, but still are mostly limited to animal studies. The discovery and development of new and improved vaccines have been greatly facilitated by the application of new technologies. The use of nucleic acid-based vaccines, to combine the benefits of in-situ expression of antigens with the safety of inactivated and subunit vaccines, has been a key advancement. Upon their discovery more than 20 years ago, nucleic acid vaccines promised to be a safe and effective mean to mimic immunization with a live organism vaccine, particularly for induction of T cell immunity. In addition, the manufacturing of nucleic acid-based vaccines offered the potential to be relatively simple, inexpensive and generic. Reverse Vaccinology and in-silico designing of vaccines are very innovative approaches and being considered as future of vaccines. Furthermore, various immuno-therapeutic agents also being developed to treat and minimize immuno-pathological damage in patients suffering from life threatening complications. For the treatment of such pathological conditions, various novel approaches such as administration of immune suppressive cytokines, blocking co-stimulatory signals or activating co-inhibitory signal of T cell activation, are being tested both in lab and clinics. The Research Topic on influenza virus vaccine and therapeutics will give an insight in to the current status and future scope of these new innovative approaches and technologies. Moreover, these new methods will also serve as a reference tool for the development of future vaccines against several other pathogens.
T Cell Immunity --- Neutralization antibody --- Influenza Virus --- Vaccine --- Immunotherepy --- adjuvants
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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
Emerging viruses --- antivirals --- inhibitors --- vaccines --- small molecules --- peptides --- antibody
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Enzyme immunoassays have developed into a powerful assay technology, transcending several discipline boundaries, extensively applied as a tool in fields other than enzymology and immunology. This volume reflects the rapid progress in the applications of this technique, providing a basic understanding of these techniques and a practical guideline for the choice and experimental detail.
Immunoenzyme technique. --- Science. --- Chemistry. --- Natural history. --- Immunoenzyme Techniques --- Immunoenzyme Techniques. --- 577.15.083.3 --- Antibody Enzyme Technic, Unlabeled --- Enzyme-Labeled Antibody Technic --- Immunoenzyme Technics --- Immunoperoxidase Technics --- Peroxidase-Antiperoxidase Complex Technic --- Peroxidase-Labeled Antibody Technic --- Antibody Enzyme Technique, Unlabeled --- Enzyme Immunoassay --- Enzyme-Labeled Antibody Technique --- Immunoassay, Enzyme --- Immunoperoxidase Techniques --- Peroxidase-Antiperoxidase Complex Technique --- Peroxidase-Labeled Antibody Technique --- Antibody Technic, Enzyme-Labeled --- Antibody Technic, Peroxidase-Labeled --- Antibody Technics, Enzyme-Labeled --- Antibody Technics, Peroxidase-Labeled --- Antibody Technique, Enzyme-Labeled --- Antibody Technique, Peroxidase-Labeled --- Antibody Techniques, Enzyme-Labeled --- Antibody Techniques, Peroxidase-Labeled --- Enzyme Immunoassays --- Enzyme Labeled Antibody Technic --- Enzyme Labeled Antibody Technique --- Enzyme-Labeled Antibody Technics --- Enzyme-Labeled Antibody Techniques --- Immunoassays, Enzyme --- Immunoenzyme Technic --- Immunoenzyme Technique --- Immunoperoxidase Technic --- Immunoperoxidase Technique --- Peroxidase Antiperoxidase Complex Technic --- Peroxidase Antiperoxidase Complex Technique --- Peroxidase Labeled Antibody Technic --- Peroxidase Labeled Antibody Technique --- Peroxidase-Antiperoxidase Complex Technics --- Peroxidase-Antiperoxidase Complex Techniques --- Peroxidase-Labeled Antibody Technics --- Peroxidase-Labeled Antibody Techniques --- Technic, Enzyme-Labeled Antibody --- Technic, Immunoenzyme --- Technic, Immunoperoxidase --- Technic, Peroxidase-Antiperoxidase Complex --- Technic, Peroxidase-Labeled Antibody --- Technics, Enzyme-Labeled Antibody --- Technics, Immunoenzyme --- Technics, Immunoperoxidase --- Technics, Peroxidase-Antiperoxidase Complex --- Technics, Peroxidase-Labeled Antibody --- Technique, Enzyme-Labeled Antibody --- Technique, Immunoenzyme --- Technique, Immunoperoxidase --- Technique, Peroxidase-Antiperoxidase Complex --- Technique, Peroxidase-Labeled Antibody --- Techniques, Enzyme-Labeled Antibody --- Techniques, Immunoenzyme --- Techniques, Immunoperoxidase --- Techniques, Peroxidase-Antiperoxidase Complex --- Techniques, Peroxidase-Labeled Antibody --- Enzymes. Catalysts of biological reactions. Enzymology--?.083.3 --- 577.15.083.3 Enzymes. Catalysts of biological reactions. Enzymology--?.083.3 --- Cytochemistry. --- Cell chemistry --- Biochemistry --- Cytology --- Antibody enzyme techniques, Unlabeled --- Immunoperoxidase technique --- Peroxidase labeled antibody technique --- Enzymatic analysis --- Immunoassay --- Immunology --- Protein binding --- Technique --- Basic Sciences. Chemistry --- Biochemistry. --- Enzymimmunassay. --- Enzym immunoassay. --- Immunoenzyme Techniques - laboratory manuals --- Enzymes --- Immunochemical analysis
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