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Between the early seventeenth and the mid-nineteenth century, the field of natural history in Japan separated itself from the discipline of medicine, produced knowledge that questioned the traditional religious and philosophical understandings of the world, developed into a system (called honzogaku) that rivaled Western science in complexity-and then seemingly disappeared. Or did it? In The Knowledge of Nature and the Nature of Knowledge in Early Modern Japan, Federico Marcon recounts how Japanese scholars developed a sophisticated discipline of natural history analogous to Europe's but created independently, without direct influence, and argues convincingly that Japanese natural history succumbed to Western science not because of suppression and substitution, as scholars traditionally have contended, but by adaptation and transformation. The first book-length English-language study devoted to the important field of honzogaku, The Knowledge of Nature and the Nature of Knowledge in Early Modern Japan will be an essential text for historians of Japanese and East Asian science, and a fascinating read for anyone interested in the development of science in the early modern era.

Nature study --- Science --- History. --- Japan --- History --- natural history, medicine, japan, knowledge, nature, science, honzogaku, adaptation, transformation, east asia, tokugawa period, westernization, ecosystems, commodity culture, professionalization, scholarship, environmentalism, environment, philosophy, politics, nonfiction, classification, scientific investigation, biology.

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Six compelling histories of youth crime in the twentieth century Ages of Anxiety presents six case studies of juvenile justice policy in the twentieth century from around the world, adding context to the urgent and international conversation about youth, crime, and justice. By focusing on magistrates, social workers, probation and police officers, and youth themselves, editors William S. Bush and David S. Tanenhaus highlight the role of ordinary people as meaningful and consequential historical actors. After providing an international perspective on the social history of ideas about how children are different from adults, the contributors explain why those differences should matter for the administration of justice. They examine how reformers used the idea of modernization to build and legitimize juvenile justice systems in Europe and Mexico, and present histories of policing and punishing youth crime. Ages of Anxiety introduces a new theoretical model for interpreting historical research to demonstrate the usefulness of social histories of children and youth for policy analysis and decision-making in the twenty-first century. Shedding new light on the substantive aims of the juvenile court, the book is a historically informed perspective on the critical topic of youth, crime, and justice.Six compelling histories of youth crime in the twentieth century Ages of Anxiety presents six case studies of juvenile justice policy in the twentieth century from around the world, adding context to the urgent and international conversation about youth, crime, and justice. By focusing on magistrates, social workers, probation and police officers, and youth themselves, editors William S. Bush and David S. Tanenhaus highlight the role of ordinary people as meaningful and consequential historical actors. After providing an international perspective on the social history of ideas about how children are different from adults, the contributors explain why those differences should matter for the administration of justice. They examine how reformers used the idea of modernization to build and legitimize juvenile justice systems in Europe and Mexico, and present histories of policing and punishing youth crime. Ages of Anxiety introduces a new theoretical model for interpreting historical research to demonstrate the usefulness of social histories of children and youth for policy analysis and decision-making in the twenty-first century. Shedding new light on the substantive aims of the juvenile court, the book is a historically informed perspective on the critical topic of youth, crime, and justice.

Juvenile delinquents. --- Juvenile delinquency --- Juvenile justice, Administration of --- Juvenile justice, Administration of. --- History. --- Beazley. --- Bulger. --- Central Park Five. --- Juvenile Morality Squad. --- League of Nations. --- Montreal Miracle. --- State Security Court. --- Tocqueville. --- Tsarnaev. --- West Memphis Three. --- arrest rates. --- caseworkers. --- child-savers. --- children and crime. --- citizenship. --- crime prevention. --- delinquency. --- democratization. --- endogenous. --- estudio social. --- exogenous. --- juvenile delinquency. --- juvenile delinquents. --- juvenile justice. --- liberté surveillée. --- masheha. --- moral panic. --- mudirs. --- penal code. --- policing. --- probation. --- social class. --- social history of crime. --- social workers. --- soft authority. --- soft power. --- super-predators. --- supervised freedom. --- westernization. --- youth and crime.

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Covering Portugal and Castile in the West to the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in the East, this collection focuses on Muslim minorities living in Christian lands during the high Middle Ages, and examines to what extent notions of religious tolerance influenced Muslim-Christian relations. The authors call into question the applicability of modern ideas of toleration to medieval social relations, investigating the situation instead from the standpoint of human experience within the two religious cultures. Whereas this study offers no evidence of an evolution of coherent policy concerning treatment of minorities in these Christian domains, it does reveal how religious ideas and communitarian traditions worked together to blunt the harsh realities of the relations between victors and vanquished.The chapters in this volume include "The Mudejars of Castile and Portugal in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries" by Joseph F. O'Callaghan, "Muslims in the Thirteenth-Century Realms of Aragon: Interactions and Reaction" by Robert I. Burns, S.J., "The End of Muslim Sicily" by David S. H. Abulafia, "The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant" by Benjamin Z. Kedar, and "The Papacy and the Muslim Frontier" by James M. Powell.Originally published in 1990.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Christianity and other religions --- Islam --- Muslims --- Mohammedans --- Moors (People) --- Moslems --- Muhammadans --- Musalmans --- Mussalmans --- Mussulmans --- Mussulmen --- Religious adherents --- Islam. --- Relations --- Christianity. --- History. --- Latin Orient. --- East, Latin --- Latin East --- Orient, Latin --- Islamic Empire --- Middle East --- Orient --- Latin Empire, 1204-1261 --- History --- 1st century. --- Abbasid Caliphate. --- Al-Andalus. --- Al-Maqrizi. --- Al-Mu'tamid. --- Alfonso VI. --- Alfonso X of Castile. --- Aljama. --- Almohad Caliphate. --- Amalric of Jerusalem. --- Arab culture. --- Arabic name. --- Arabic. --- Arabist. --- Battle of Muret. --- Bernard Crick. --- Caesarea. --- Caliphate of Córdoba. --- Canon law. --- Christian martyrs. --- Christian state. --- Church History (Eusebius). --- Conquest of Majorca. --- Constantine the Great. --- Continental Europe. --- Early Muslim conquests. --- Emirate of Granada. --- Eritrea. --- Fatimid Caliphate. --- Freeman (Colonial). --- Friar. --- Guido delle Colonne. --- Hanbali. --- Hebrew University of Jerusalem. --- Henricus. --- High Middle Ages. --- Hugh of Cluny. --- Iberian Peninsula. --- Ibn Arabi. --- Ibn Hud. --- Ibn Jubayr. --- Ibn Sab'in. --- International Institute of Islamic Thought. --- Islam and the West. --- Islam by country. --- Islam in Spain. --- Islamic culture. --- Islamic revival. --- Islamism. --- Judea (Roman province). --- Kingdom of Seville. --- Knights Hospitaller. --- Late Middle Ages. --- Latifundium. --- Latin Church. --- Latin Rule. --- Latin alphabet. --- Latins (Italic tribe). --- Lucera. --- Maarrat al-Nu'man. --- Modern Standard Arabic. --- Mongols. --- Moors. --- Mozarabs. --- Mudéjar. --- Muslim Brotherhood. --- Muslim world. --- Muslim. --- Muslims (nationality). --- Musulman. --- Names of God in Islam. --- New Latin. --- Oriental Orthodoxy. --- Peter the Venerable. --- Pope Boniface VIII. --- Pope Gelasius I. --- Pope Gregory IX. --- Pope Gregory VII. --- Pope Gregory VIII. --- Pope Paschal II. --- Pope Urban II. --- Pope. --- Primate (bishop). --- Principality of Antioch. --- Quran. --- Reconquista. --- Religion. --- Roman Rite. --- Sasanian Empire. --- Sicilia (Roman province). --- Sufism. --- Sunni Islam. --- Syria Palaestina. --- Templar of Tyre. --- Universal jurisdiction. --- Visigothic Code. --- Western Christianity. --- Westernization.