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Skeptics (Greek philosophy) --- Philosophy, Ancient.

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Today's understanding of time remains mostly Aristotelian and Newtonian/Einsteinian: time is what has been abstracted from the mundane realities of life and reduced to its measurement. Any somatic, psychological, or other experience of time is deemed either irrelevant or secondary. The history of the attempts to provide alternatives to time as measurement is infinite, most of which focuses on understanding time as an inner-temporal phenomenon for which a subject temporalizes him or herself through remembrance, experience, or anticipation (including death). Amidst this vast field, one argument by an enigmatic figure in ancient Greek thought stands out for the way it abides by neither the conventional view that time is clock time nor that it is an inner temporal phenomenon: Aenesidemus' overlooked way of apprehending time by qualifying it as similar to air. To make sense of such an unusual statement, it is necessary to reconsider what informs such an unusual idea. Aenesidemus' teacher was Pyrrho (often dubbed the Greek Buddha) who advocated for a non-differential approach to reality, one for which nothing is fixed or stable. With this perspective in mind, Aenesidemus' idea then becomes clear: time or air knows no differentiae, whether that of the unit of measure or of the subject breathing it and sheltering from it. Both are radically unstable. While these ideas had no purchase for over 2000 years, they can now be revealed in all their magnitude. In the last 120 years, we have indeed become aerial beings. We no longer scuttle around on the ground floor below an unsuspected ocean of air. We no longer aspire to shin a tree or scale a peak. We have now made a habitation of the air. Such a new dwelling has its own unique time, a time that strangely does not agree with the abstracted and/or calculated time that was formulated when we only had sundials and water-clocks at our disposal. Against time as measure and against time as inner-temporal phenomenon comes time as total instability. Can revisiting the few fragments that Pyrrho and his disciple left us help once again articulate our relation to time and give us a renewed sense of reality and who we are within it? This monograph focuses on early Pyrrhonism (as distinguished from the sceptical work of Sextus Empiricus), Pali Buddhism, as well as contemporary interpretations of time and reality in both science and philosophy. Jean-Paul Martinon is Reader in the Department of Visual Cultures at Goldsmiths College, University of London.

Skeptics (Greek philosophy) --- Philosophy, Ancient. --- Ancient Philosophy / Classical Philosophy.

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Offering a philosophical examination of the concept of luck and its relationship to knowledge, this text demonstrates how a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between knowledge and luck can enable us to see past some of the most intractable disputes in the contemporary theory of knowledge.

Knowledge, Theory of. --- Chance. --- Skepticism. --- Chance --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Skepticism --- Skeptics (Greek philosophy)

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Der tschechische Philologe Karel Janáček (1906 - 1996) war "the most eminent Sextan scholar of the century" (Jonathan Barnes). Neben seinen beiden Sextus-Monographien (Prolegomena to Sextus Empiricus, 1948; Sextus Empiricus' Sceptical Methods, 1972) und seinen Indices zu Sextus und zu Diogenes Laertius veröffentlichte er insgesamt fünfzig Artikel zu Sextus und den mit Sextus zusammenhängenden Themen. Es handelt sich um methodologisch streng geführte philologische Untersuchungen, die ein neues Licht auf Sextus' Werk und dessen Beziehungen zu anderen Autoren wie Diogenes Laertius, Hippolyt von Rom und Philon von Alexandrien geworfen haben. Die Studien wie "Sextus Empiricus an der Arbeit" oder "Die Hauptschrift des Sextus Empiricus als Torso erhalten?" stellen Meisterstücke philologischer Forschung dar. Janáčeks im Laufe von mehr als fünfzig Jahren in schwierig auffindbaren Zeitschriften und Sammelbänden veröffentlichten Studien liegen alle in diesem Band versammelt vor. Zehn ursprünglich auf tschechisch verfassten Studien - darunter eine eingehende "Analyse der Berichte über die Philosophie der Gorgias" - erscheinen hier zum ersten Mal in der Übertragung ins Deutsche. Der Band wird durch eine Würdigung von Karl Janáčeks wissenschaftlichem Œuvre und Persönlichkeit eingeleitet.

Skeptics (Greek philosophy) --- Diogenes Laertius. --- Sextus, --- Sceptiques (Philosophie grecque) --- Sekst, --- Sesto, --- Sextos, --- Sexto, --- Sextus Empiricus --- Diogene Laerzio --- Diogène Laërce --- Laerzio, Diogene --- Philosophy, Ancient --- Sekstus, --- Philosophy (ancient). --- skepticism.

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In Greek Scepticism Leo Groarke presents a more sympathetic and accurate account of Greek scepticism and its relevance to modern and contemporary thought. He begins with an account of the development of scepticism in pre-Socratic times and concludes with a discussion of the relationship of scepticism to modern and contemporary epistemology. Groarke argues that the sceptics posed the problems central to both ancient and modern epistemology, and that in fact scepticism is the ancient analogue of anti-realist trends which are thought to be uniquely modern. He also shows that scepticism is not simply negative, but offers a positive philosophy which mitigates the sceptical critique of knowledge. Greek Scepticism undermines our usual account of the development of modern epistemology. Groarke shows that the separation of the mind and the external world that is generally attributed to Descartes is actually an integral part of ancient scepticism. In discussing the major problems that stem from this distinction, ancient scepticism anticipates thinkers such as Berkeley, Kant, and Hume. Groarke maintains, controversially, that the doubts of the ancient sceptics are deeper and epistemologically more significant than those of the philosophers usually discussed today.

Skeptics (Greek philosophy) --- Philosophy, Ancient. --- Philosophy, Ancient --- Ancient philosophy --- Greek philosophy --- Philosophy, Greek --- Philosophy, Roman --- Roman philosophy --- Anti-realism --- Antirealism --- Philosophy --- History