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In the second edition of this book, the origin, upkeep and latex harvest from the Hevea rubber tree are dealt with succinctly. New chapters have been included on Propagation Systems and Genetic Resources. The importance of Heterozygosis and Breeding is a new theme for the section on Breeding. A new chapter on Genomics and Molecular Breeding that focuses on the latest advancements on gene mapping, marker assisted selection and stimulation has been added. Lastly, ‘textboxes’ that highlight points and topics of significant interest are included in the new addition. Natural rubber has been an essential commodity not only for the tire industry but also for more than 50,000 products that holds elasticity as an attribute. The prime source of natural rubber worldwide is Hevea brasiliensis. Hevea rubber tree is an excellent example of how a soil-tree-atmosphere system can work in tandem. The retrieval of rubber through ‘injuring’ the tree on alternate days or once in three days or once in seven days, is indeed a unique arrangement followed universally that ensures income to the planter almost throughout the year. Every molecule of rubber is the end result of meticulous biochemical changes. Therefore the biology of Hevea rubber tree itself is a subject that aggregates science and technology for the realization of its industrial utility.

Life sciences. --- Trees. --- Plant science. --- Botany. --- Biomaterials. --- Life Sciences. --- Tree Biology. --- Plant Sciences. --- Hevea. --- Rubber. --- Caoutchouc --- Ebonite --- Gum elastic --- India rubber --- Vulcanite --- Hevea brasiliensis --- Para rubber tree --- Siphonia ridleyana --- Latex --- Non-timber forest products --- Elastomers --- Gutta-percha --- Heveas --- Euphorbiaceae --- Rubber plants --- Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Biology --- Natural history --- Plants --- Biocompatible materials --- Biomaterials --- Medical materials --- Medicine --- Biomedical engineering --- Materials --- Biocompatibility --- Prosthesis --- Dendrology --- Nursery stock --- Woody plants --- Arboriculture --- Forests and forestry --- Timber --- Bioartificial materials --- Hemocompatible materials --- Floristic botany --- Biomaterials (Biomedical materials)

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Plants provide the foundation for the structure and function, as well as interactions, among organisms in both tropical and temperate zone habitats. To date, many investigations have revealed patterns and mechanisms generating plant diversity at various scales and from diverse ecological perspectives. However, in the era of climate change, anthropogenic disturbance, and rapid urbanization, new insights are needed to understand how plant species in these forest habitats are changing and adapting. Investigations of plants in both little-disturbed, more natural environments, as well as in urban areas in which crucial green infrastructure is ever more important for sustaining complex human societies are needed. This Special Issue of Forests will focus on plant variation from the perspectives of morphology, genetics, and function, especially plant interactions with biotic and abiotic factors. Research articles may address any aspect of plant evolution and community phylogenetics (explorations of patterns and mechanisms from diverse organismal levels, e.g., molecular, population, species, community, landscape, and ecosystem), plant functional traits (e.g., nutrient traits of leaf, stem, root; reproductive traits of flower, fruit, seed), and/or responses of plant species to changing environments (e.g., water, atmosphere, soil, human activities). Studies providing quantitative evaluation or description of interactions of plants with animals and microbes, both in natural and urban environments, including terrestrial and aquatic systems, are also welcome.

Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg. --- HbMad-box genes --- conserved domains --- gene structures --- expression profiles --- stress treatments --- microsatellite locus --- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium --- genetic differentiation --- breeding population --- artificial selection --- Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. --- transcripts --- transcriptome assembly --- simple sequence repeats --- transcription factors --- cytochrome p450 --- glycotransferases --- metabolic pathway --- grafting --- pecan --- miRNA --- graft union --- sequencing --- edible forest product --- forest biology --- macro-fungi --- non-timber forest products (NTFPs) --- Pan-Pearl River Delta --- allometry --- anatomy --- Polygonatum odoratum --- Polygonatum multiflorum --- shape --- shoot --- endophytes --- medicinal plants --- pathogen --- molecular identification --- plant-microbe interaction --- gas exchange --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- growth trait --- genetic variation --- early selection --- pedunculate oak --- drought --- stress --- memory --- flushing --- autumn leaf senescence --- phenological shift --- carry-over effect --- mangroves --- DNA barcoding --- species identification --- phylogenetic relation --- moso bamboo --- heat shock factor gene --- abiotic stresses --- co-expression --- yellow-green leaf mutant --- transcriptome --- antenna protein --- photosynthesis --- birch --- Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen --- genetic diversity --- population structure --- EST-SSR marker --- microsatellite marker --- rosewood --- conservation --- Pinus massoniana --- introgression hybrid --- RNA sequencing --- DEGs --- reproduction --- phenology --- leafing out --- flowering --- senescence --- cumulative logistic regression --- hawthorn --- provenance trial --- non-local populations --- variance analysis --- lime application --- understory removal --- microbial community --- forest management --- Eucalyptus --- protogyny (PG) --- protandry (PA) --- pollen viability --- seed success --- polyploidy --- phosphate solubilizing bacteria --- nutrition --- oil tea --- Lagerstroemia species --- simple sequence repeat markers --- bulked segregant analysis --- creeping trait --- plant architecture --- climate change --- forest biodiversity --- plant–environment interactions --- plant traits --- urbanization