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Contrary to what is still often believed, the climate and trade communities have a lot in common: a common problem (a global "public good"), common foes (vested interests using protection for slowing down climate change policies), and common friends (firms delivering goods, services, and equipment that are both cleaner and cheaper). They have thus many reasons to buttress each other. The climate community would enormously benefit from adopting the principle of "national treatment," which would legitimize and discipline the use of carbon border tax adjustment and the principle of "most-favored nation," which would ban carbon tariffs. The main effect of this would be to fuel a dual world economy of clean countries trading between themselves and dirty countries trading between themselves at a great cost for climate change. And the trade community would enormously benefit from a climate community capable of designing instruments that would support the adjustment efforts to be made by carbon-intensive firms much better than instruments such as antidumping or safeguards, which have proved to be ineffective and perverse. That said, implementing these principles will be difficult. The paper focuses on two key problems. First, the way carbon border taxes are defined has a huge impact on the joint outcome from climate change, trade, and development perspectives. Second, the multilateral climate change regime could easily become too complex to be manageable. Focusing on carbon-intensive sectors and building "clusters" of production processes considered as having "like carbon-intensity" are the two main ways for keeping the regime manageable. Developing them in a multilateral framework would make them more transparent and unbiased.

Aluminum --- Carbon --- Carbon emissions --- Carbon policies --- Carbon Policy and Trading --- Carbon tax --- Carbon taxes --- Chemicals --- Climate --- Climate change --- Climate Change Economics --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Co2 --- Debt Markets --- Domestic carbon --- Emerging Markets --- Emission --- Emission cuts --- Environment --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Greenhouse --- Greenhouse gases --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Precautionary approach --- Private Sector Development --- Renewable energy --- Sulfur --- Sulfur dioxide --- Temperature

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Much of the world's built environment is found in urban areas, and cities are thought to be responsible for up to 70 percent of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and up to 80 percent of primary energy demand. Most of the energy consumed in the world fuels urban industry, powers urban homes and offices, and moves people within and between cities. This paper is about climate change mitigation in cities, and will primarily look at how local authorities can provide a higher quality of life for their citizens while at the same time achieving higher resource efficiency. It will also look at how climate change mitigation measures could help boost local employment and drive economic growth. The focus will be on buildings (residential, commercial, and office), public services infrastructure (water, sewage, solid waste management, and public lighting), and urban form. Other topics of interest in this respect, such as transport and industrial production will be discussed tangentially in relation to the other topics (e.g. urban form influences and is influenced by transport patterns and strategies).

Acid Rain --- Air Pollution --- Chemicals --- Climate --- Climate Change --- Climate Change Economics --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Coal --- Electricity --- Emission Reductions --- Emissions --- Employment --- Energy --- Energy Consumption --- Energy Efficiency --- Energy Policy --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Environment --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Fossil Fuels --- Fuels --- Hot Water --- Incentives --- Landfills --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Methane --- Natural Gas --- Pharmaceuticals --- Power Plants --- Renewable Energy --- Sulfur Dioxide Emissions --- Temperature --- Transport --- Vehicles --- Wastewater Treatment --- Water