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Book
Old John Brown, the man whose soul is marching on
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Year: 2000 Publisher: Project Gutenberg

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Brown --- John --- 1800-1859

Beaux Arts to Bauhaus and Beyond. An architect's perspective
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ISBN: 0823070670 Year: 1976 Publisher: New York Whitney Library of Design


Book
Regional Note on Air Quality Management in the Western Balkans : Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and North Macedonia.
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Year: 2020 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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Ambient air pollution (AAP) is a serious global health problem that accounts for an estimated 4.2 million premature deaths worldwide per year. People in Eastern Europe and the Western Balkans are frequently exposed to air pollution levels above those considered safe, particularly in the winter. The increased exposure to air pollution and its linkage to higher prevalence of lung, respiratory, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is also likely to increase the vulnerability of the affected population to the currently emerging COVID19 pandemic. In the Western Balkans, the residential sector is the largest source of harmful PM2.5 emissions. While not yet the dominant source of air pollution in the Western Balkans, transport-based emissions are gaining in prominence and in contrast to heating represent a year-round growing environmental challenge. The EU accession process provides an incentive to improve air quality in the Western Balkans by adapting legislation and learning from the experience of other EU countries. In addition to strengthening the legal and policy framework for air quality management (AQM) at the national level, it is important to develop subnational solutions, particularly for urban pollution hot spots. By acting on air pollution reduction, countries prepare the grounds for the long-term transition to a low-carbon economy and climate change mitigation, yet the synergies and trade-offs have to be carefully evaluated and understood.


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Fueling Kyrgyzstan's Transition to Clean Household Heating Solutions
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Year: 2020 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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In the Kyrgyz Republic, access to reliable and affordable heating is critical given the cold and long winters in its mountainous regions. With central heating solutions such as district heating limited to the capital city Bishkek and other urban areas, over 80 percent of households resort to individual heating solutions. Every second household uses a traditional coal-fired stove, dung is frequently used as primary heating fuel in regions where animal husbandry is prevalent, and other solid fuels from wood to rubber are burnt to meet heating needs. Alternatives to traditional solid-fuel based stoves are limited in the Kyrgyz Republic, especially for low income households: electricity supply is increasingly constrained during winter months as insufficient new generating capacity is being added to keep up with the growing needs of the population and government decrees cap winter consumption on a regional level. In this context, high efficiency, low emissions (HELE) heating stoves offer significant benefits for household comfort, public health and air pollution which is an increasing problem in urban areas in the winter. The World Bank supported a comprehensive technical assistance (TA) program on HELE stoves over a three-year period 2016-19, examining demand features and supply characteristics of the Kyrgyz stoves market and piloting the use of HELE stoves in 76 low income households in four regions, with a focus on high altitude locations. The findings from the market studies and the lessons from the pilot trial are summarized in this report.


Book
Air Quality Management in Poland
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Year: 2019 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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Despite significant efforts to reduce polluting air emissions, during and after the economic transition in the 1990s, Poland remains home to many of the most polluted cities in the European Union (EU). This report examines the nature and magnitude of ambient air pollution (AAP) in Poland. It provides estimates of the health burden, and economic cost associated with the health impacts, of ambient air pollution id est, particulate matter (PM) both at national and regional or voivodeship levels in Poland. It also explores the roles of various sources of air pollution emissions on ambient air quality in Poland. With emphasis on the critical residential sector, this report analyses the likely impacts of national and EU legislative scenarios on future pollution emissions and ambient air quality in Poland. In addition, the report performs a demonstrative cost-benefit analysis of selected interventions to reduce AAP in residential and transport sectors and from point sources in the voivodeships that bear the heaviest burden of the impacts of AAP. Institutional factors that affect the effectiveness of ambient air quality management are discussed. Finally, policy recommendations for air pollution prevention, reduction and abatement are presented. The current study estimates that 25,280 - 44,811 deaths were caused by ambient PM2.5 pollution in Poland in 2016. The analysis applied two methodologies: (i) the approach from the 2016 Global Burden of Disease study; and (ii) the approach used by the EEA in their 2018 study. GBD studies analyze the health risks attributable to environmental factors, for different years, for most countries by linking environmental factors with the burden of disease attributable to them. Consistent with the GBD methodology, the analysis in this chapter applies a conservative approach by calculating premature, age-specific mortality from five diseases - ischemic heart disease, stroke, COPD, lung cancer, lower respiratory illness, that are directly linked to PM pollution. By contrast, the EEA approach calculates all-cause or non-accidental mortality (i.e., all deaths excluding poisoning, suicide and war), and assumes a linear relationship between mortality and PM concentration for population above age 30. The morbidity health burden is estimated in this report using HRAPIE recommended methodology (WHO, 2013) that focuses on acute bronchitis for children, chronic bronchitis for adults, cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions and lost work days caused by PM air pollution.


Book
Aquaculture Pollution : An Overview of Issues with a Focus on China, Vietnam, and the Philippines
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Year: 2017 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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Aquaculture is probably the fastest-growing animal production sector in the Asia Pacific region. Aquaculture is predicted to continue increasing production by optimizing and intensifying existing aquaculture practices, increasing the number and type of farms, and exploring other environments. High levels of nutrients in effluent discharge to channels, rivers, or lakes may cause eutrophication and affect fisheries adversely, but in other cases, depending on dilution rates, effluents may be a beneficial addition of nutrients which boost natural productivity including fisheries. The important fish farming waste components are nutrients (dissolved and particulate) resulting from the metabolism of fish food (including natural food in the case of filter feeders such as mussels and clams), uneaten food, pseudofeces (in the case of filter feeders), escapees of farmed fish affecting the genetics of wild fisheries species, and residues of disease or parasite treatment chemicals. The environmental impact can be lessened by improved location of farms, improved farm management, or by physical and or biological treatment of the effluent. China is the leading country in aquaculture production and Vietnam and the Philippines are in the top 10. Aquaculture continues to grow in China and Vietnam but is presently declining in the Philippines because of reduction in seaweed production.


Book
Environmental Assessment
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Year: 2017 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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The Inspection Panel, the World Bank's independent accountability mechanism, has released the third report in its Emerging Lessons Series. The latest report identifies lessons from Panel cases related to environmental assessment (EA) issues. The Panel is an impartial fact-finding body, independent from the World Bank management and staff, reporting directly to the Board. In response to complaints from affected people, it has a mandate to review projects funded by the World Bank, investigate allegations of harm to people or the environment and review whether the Bank followed its operational policies and procedures. Of the 34 cases the Panel has investigated since it was created by the Bank's Board of Executive Directors in 1993, 29 of them have involved environmental assessment issues. The Panel's EA report identifies seven lessons that can be learned from those cases, and reaches five major conclusions. The Panel's Emerging Lessons Series is meant to build institutional knowledge at the World Bank, enhance accountability and contribute to more effective development. The first two reports, on lessons from cases involving involuntary resettlement and indigenous peoples, were released in 2016. The fourth report in the series - on cases related to consultation, participation and disclosure of information - will be released in the fall of 2017.


Book
Beyond Mitigation : Quantifying the Development Benefits of Carbon Pricing.
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Year: 2021 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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Carbon pricing can reduce emissions cost-effectively, and it can also generate a number of other benefits. This guide provides an overview of these benefits to help policy makers advance a variety of sustainable development objectives in their own countries and around the world. Carbon prices are broadly recognized as necessary for correcting market failures that arise from pollution externalities, because the prices paid for using fossil fuels do not come close to compensating society for the costs that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions impose on society. Where there is a divergence between (externality-based) social costs and private values, carbon pricing is an essential environmental policy tool. The purpose of this guide is to help policy makers identify and measure carbon-pricing benefits. In particular, it provides insights into how to incorporate benefits into computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling.


Book
Particulate Matter, Ambient Air Pollution, and Respiratory Disease in Egypt
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Year: 2019 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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Air pollution is known to be a risk factor for personal health and an important determinant of various diseases. Numerous studies exist that examine the effects of an increase in air pollution on the risk of disease and mortality from cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary causes. One possible way to quantify air pollution is to measure the concentration of particles with a specific diameter between 2.5 and 10 micrometers are referred to as (PM10).The authors assess the effects of air pollutants (PM10) on hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in Egypt in 2016. They use a retrospective design and employ a generalized additive model (GAM) to conduct our analysis. Daily hospital admission data for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and chronic bronchitis were collected from specialized chest hospitals and matched to air pollution data. The results suggest that the concentration of PM10 in the air is an important predictor of respiratory disease. The authors find that a 10 ug/.


Book
Fighting Smog : Energy Efficiency and Anti-Smog in Single Family Buildings in Poland.
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Year: 2018 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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The most cost-effective way to reduce both particulate and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is to couple switching from noncompliant solid fuel boilers to gas boilers, heat pumps, renewable energy (RE) heating systems such as biomass, wherever possible, and compliant solid fuel boilers, as mandated in the anti-smog resolutions, with thermal retrofits of the single family building (SFB). Anti-smog resolutions and enforcement are key to create market demand for boiler replacement and fuel switching, and solid fuel quality standards are essential to reduce air pollution. For the eligible poor SFBs, the government can provide 90-100 percent of subsidies for boiler replacement, fuel switching, and thermal retrofits, channeled through municipalities. For the non-poor SFBs, the government can provide 20 percent subsidy for fuel switching to gas, heat pumps, and RE systems and thermal retrofit, together with tax incentives, channeled through commercial banks who will provide loans for the remaining investment. The anti-smog and energy efficiency are long-term efforts, and the required subsidies can be programmed over a 10-year time period. It is essential to coordinate the use of public funds from the government and European Union (EU) at both the national and regional levels, and it is recommended that a national fund for anti-smog and energy efficiency be established to pool various funding resources. Finally, technical assistance, capacity building, and public education and awareness campaigns are critical to the success of the anti-smog and energy efficiency program.

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