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The International Energy Agency's 2002 review of Austria's energy policies and programmes.  This review finds that in the four years since the last in-depth Review, the two most important developments in the Austrian energy sector have been market reform in the electricity and natural gas sectors, and the efforts made toward meeting the country’s emissions reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol. Austria's security of supply is enhanced by extensive cross-border trading and recent efforts to diversify natural gas import supply sources. A regulatory framework now allows all customers to choose their natural gas and electricity suppliers. Austria has established an independent regulator and non-discriminatory third-party access rules. While reform of the gas sector is too recent to draw any meaningful conclusions, power sector reform has achieved mixed results. Industrial rates have fallen by up to 40% but residential rates have fallen little, if at all. Effective competition still faces obstacles including high system access charges and dominant incumbent suppliers who could wield market power and deter new entrants. Austria’s commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 13% remains a major challenge. Total greenhouse gas emissions increased nearly 2.5% from 1990 to 2000 with CO2 emissions rising 9% over the same period. The finalisation of a comprehensive climate change strategy in 2002 is an important step forward. Austria’s planned use of Kyoto flexible mechanisms could cut the costs of its climate change efforts, although the macroeconomic effect of all emission reduction measures requires constant monitoring. The support scheme for renewable energy and combined production of heat and power could be rendered more cost-effective, if a degression scheme were employed to lower support levels gradually.

Energy consumption -- Austria. --- Energy policy -- Austria. --- Power resources -- Austria. --- Austria

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This OECD study of vocational education and training (VET) in Austria is designed to help Austria make its VET systems more responsive to labour market needs. The review assesses the main challenges faced by the VET system and presents an interconnected package of policy recommendations. For each recommendation, the report describes the challenge, the recommendation itself, supporting arguments, and issues of implementation.

Education --- Austria

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Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The minimum standard is complemented by a set of best practices. The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the stage 2 peer monitoring of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by Austria, which is accompanied by a document addressing the implementation of best practices.

Taxation --- Austria

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Introduction I. Recent trends and outlook II. Experience in anti-cyclical policies -The 1958-1962 cycle -The policy objectives -The choice of policy instruments -Timing and coordination of policy measures III. Longer term problems IV. Summary  Statistical Annex.

Austria --- Economic policy.

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Introduction I. Major Trends in the Economy -Output and Demand -Cyclical Factors -Structural Factors -Prices and Wages -The Balance of Payments II. Economic Policy -Monetary Policy -Budget Policy -Incomes Policy -Policy on Longer-Term Problems III. Conclusions Statistical Annex.

Austria --- Economic conditions