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Should developing countries have central banks? Currency quality and monetary systems in 155 countries.
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ISBN: 0255363826 Year: 1996 Publisher: Westminster : iEA,

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Die Lehre von der Dreipersönlichkeit Gottes
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Year: 1961 Publisher: Wurzburg Schöningh

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Poor people's knowledge : promoting intellectual property in developing countries
Authors: ---
ISBN: 0821354876 9786610084425 1280084421 0821383698 0585496137 Year: 2003 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : World Bank,

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How can we help poor people earn more from their knowledge-rather than from their sweat and muscle alone? This book is about increasing the earnings of poor people in poor countries from their innovation, knowledge, and creative skills. Case studies look at the African music industry; traditional crafts and ways to prevent counterfeit crafts designs; the activities of fair trade organizations; biopiracy and the commercialization of ethnobotanical knowledge; the use of intellectual property laws and other tools to protect traditional knowledge. The contributors' motivation is sometimes to maint


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Implementation of Uruguay Round Commitments : The Development Challenge
Authors: ---
Year: 1999 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : World Bank,

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October 1999 At the Uruguay Round, developing countries took on obligations not only to reduce trade barriers but also to undertake significant reforms of regulations and trade procedures. The Round did not, however, take into account the cost of implementing these reforms - a full year's development budget for many of the least developed countries - nor did it ask whether the money might be more productive in other development uses. At the Uruguay Round, developing countries took on unprecedented obligations not only to reduce trade barriers but to implement significant reforms both of trade procedures (including import licensing procedures and customs valuation) and of many areas of regulation that establish the basic business environment in the domestic economy including intellectual property law and technical, sanitary, and phytosanitary standards. This will cost substantial amounts of money. World Bank project experience in areas covered by the agreements suggests that an entire year's development budget is at stake in many of the least developed countries. Institutions in these areas are weak in developing countries, and would benefit from strengthening and reform. But Finger and Schuler's analysis indicates that the obligations reflect little awareness of development problems and little appreciation for the capacities of the least developed countries to carry out the functions that these reforms of regulations and trade procedures address. The content of these obligations can be characterized as the advanced countries saying to the others, Do it my way! Moreover, these developing countries had limited capacity to participate in the Uruguay Round negotiations, so the process has generated no sense of ownership of the reforms to which membership in the World Trade Organization obligates them. From their perspective, the implementation exercise has been imposed imperially, with little concern for what it will cost, how it will be carried out, or whether it will support their development efforts. This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to support effective developing country participation in the WTO system. This research was supported by the global and regional trust fund component of the World Bank/Netherlands Partnership Program. Michael Finger may be contacted at jfinger@worldbank.org.

Russian currency and finance
Authors: --- ---
ISBN: 0415096510 9786610115808 1134863705 1280115807 0203980301 9780203980309 9780415096515 9781134863709 9781280115806 661011580X 9781134863655 9781134863693 1134863691 Year: 1993 Publisher: London New York Routledge

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As the new Russian state struggles with the transition to a market economy, the need for radical monetary reform becomes increasingly urgent. The choice of reform is crucial, for it will largely determine Russia's future economic performance. In order to break free of the lingering effects of Soviet central planning, the new Russian state needs a stable, convertible currency. Steve H. Hanke, Lars Jonung and Kurt Schuler propose that Russia establishes a currency board which would issue a Russian currency fully convertible with international currency, backed 100 per cent by international bo


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Rwanda Country Climate and Development Report
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Year: 2022 Publisher: Washington, DC : World Bank,

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The Rwanda CCDR highlights key interventions that are needed in Rwanda to strengthen climate resilience in the context of country's development priorities and its commitments under the Paris Agreement. The CCDR finds that Rwanda's unconditional adaptation and mitigation commitments (i.e., the actions the country plans to implement through 2030 using existing and planned domestic and external financial resources) would substantially dampen the shocks to GDP resulting from increased weather variability. Unconditional NDC investments would boost industrial output and employment during project implementation compared to their baseline levels. The CCDR also finds that conditional actions boost the capital stock above the baseline by more than 4% on average in the late-2020s and by 1% towards mid-century. The additional climate investments in agriculture, energy, and infrastructure simulated in the CCDR could also accelerate the pace of structural transformation. Considering the current global and national fiscal context, finding the right balance between development and climate action will be instrumental for Rwanda to sustain its impressive growth rates and deliver its national development plan Vision 2050. The CCDR offers recommendations organized by priority areas, where sector-specific interventions and projects are presented.

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