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The innate immune system is the first line of defense against bacterial and viral infections and sterile inflammation through the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) resulting in the production of proinflammatory and antiviral cytokines and chemokines. Several damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which were released by passive or active mechanisms under sterile conditions, are additionally recognized by PRRs and can cause or even aggravate the inflammatory response. In this special issue many aspects of innate immunity are summarized. Mechanisms of different DAMPs to induce pro- and anti-inflammatory activities, functions of different immune cells, as well as the crosstalk between coagulation and innate immunity were described. Furthermore, aspects of autoinflammatory diseases, types of programmed cell death pathways, and insect immunity are covered. Finally, therapeutic options for the treatment of diseases related to autoimmunity or infections are suggested. Overall, this special issue presents a broad overview of activities related to sterile inflammation and defense mechanisms of innate immunity.

Medicine --- inflammation --- type I interferons --- interleukin-1β --- crosstalk --- hepatic non-parenchymal cells --- albumin --- chronic liver diseases --- bacteria --- cytomegalovirus --- endothelin receptor --- repurposing --- cell culture --- Drosophila suzukii --- hemocytes --- plasmatocytes --- extracellular traps --- HMGB1 --- RAGE --- TLR4 --- DAMP --- SIRT1 --- α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor --- nociceptor --- cancer --- COVID-19 --- proteostasis --- autoinflammation --- ribosomopathies --- proteinopathies --- proteasomopathies --- extracellular RNA --- cytokines --- macrophages --- endothelial cells --- toll-like receptors --- angiogenesis --- γδ T cells --- gamma delta T cells --- proliferation --- macrophage polarization --- neutrophils --- neutrophil extracellular traps --- NETs --- ischemia --- PANoptosis --- PANoptosome --- pyroptosis --- apoptosis --- necroptosis --- inflammatory cell death --- inflammasome --- innate immunity --- infection --- NLR --- caspase --- IRF1 --- ZBP1 --- RIPK1 --- RIPK3 --- MLKL --- NLRP3 --- AIM2 --- Pyrin --- caspase-1 --- ASC --- caspase-8 --- caspase-3 --- caspase-7 --- plasticity --- redundancy --- SMOC1 --- thrombin --- n/a

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This text is designed to provide conceptual outlines and detailed procedures for basic and advanced studies of cell death by apoptosis. Chapters on the recognition of apoptosis as distinguished from necrosis and nonspecific cell DNA damage, are followed by a systematic examination of the established and the principal novel methodologies utilized by some leading laboratories conducting research on apoptosis. The organization is on the lines of signalling for apoptosis, the apoptotic cascade, and the execution of apoptosis. A wide variety of procedures are provided which will enable the reader to participate in cutting-edge research.

Cell Death --- Cell Physiological Processes --- Cell Physiological Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Apoptosis --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Cytology --- Apoptosis, Extrinsic Pathway --- Apoptosis, Intrinsic Pathway --- Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis --- Classic Apoptosis --- Classical Apoptosis --- Programmed Cell Death --- Programmed Cell Death, Type I --- Apoptoses, Extrinsic Pathway --- Apoptoses, Intrinsic Pathway --- Apoptosis, Caspase-Dependent --- Apoptosis, Classic --- Apoptosis, Classical --- Caspase Dependent Apoptosis --- Cell Death, Programmed --- Classic Apoptoses --- Extrinsic Pathway Apoptoses --- Extrinsic Pathway Apoptosis --- Intrinsic Pathway Apoptoses --- Intrinsic Pathway Apoptosis --- Necrosis --- Clonal Deletion --- Superantigens --- Caspases --- Caspase 1 --- In Situ Nick-End Labeling --- Cellular Apoptosis Susceptibility Protein --- Genes, Transgenic, Suicide --- Cell Physiological Phenomenon --- Cell Physiological Process --- Physiology, Cell --- Cell Physiology --- Phenomena, Cell Physiological --- Phenomenon, Cell Physiological --- Physiological Process, Cell --- Physiological Processes, Cell --- Process, Cell Physiological --- Processes, Cell Physiological --- Cells --- Death, Cell --- Cellular Senescence --- physiology --- Cell Death. --- Cell Physiological Phenomena. --- Apoptosis.

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a manufacturing unit in eukaryotic cells required for the synthesis of proteins, lipids, metabolites and hormones. Besides supporting cellular signalling networks by its anabolic function, the ER on its own or in communication with other organelles directly initiates signalling processes of physiological significance. Based on the intimate and immediate involvement in stress signalling the ER is considered as sensory organelle on which cells strongly rely to effectively translate environmental cues into adaptive stress responses. The transcellular distribution of the ER providing comprehensive cell-to-cell connections in multicellular organisms probably allows a concerted action of cell alliances and tissue areas towards environmental constraints. At the cellular level, stress adaptation correlates with the capability of the ER machinery to synthesise proteins participating in stress signalling as well as in the activation of ER membrane localised proteins to start cell-protective signalling processes. Importantly, depending on the stress insult, the ER either supports protective strategies or initiates cell death programmes. Recent, genetic, molecular and cell biological studies have drawn an initial picture of underlying signalling events activated by ER membrane localised proteins. In this Research Topic, we will provide a platform for articles describing research on ER morphology and metabolism with a focus on stress translation. The Research Topic will be sub-divided into the following sections: 1. ER in stress signalling and adaptation; 2. ER structure and biosynthetic functions; 3. Regulation of protein processing; 4. Regulation of programmed cell death.

Endoplasmic reticulum. --- Botany. --- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. --- Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum --- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stresses --- Reticulum Stress, Endoplasmic --- Reticulum Stresses, Endoplasmic --- Stresses, Endoplasmic Reticulum --- Unfolded Protein Response --- Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation --- Botanical science --- Floristic botany --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Biology --- Natural history --- Plants --- Cell organelles --- Myosins --- cysteine endopeptidase --- ER associated degradation --- ER bodies --- programmed cell death --- bZIP transcription factors --- caspase

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The rise of photonics technologies has driven an extremely fast evolution in biosensing applications. Such rapid progress has created a gap of understanding and insight capability in the general public about advanced sensing systems that have been made progressively available by these new technologies. Thus, there is currently a clear need for moving the meaning of some keywords, such as plasmonic, into the daily vocabulary of a general audience with a reasonable degree of education. The selection of the scientific works reported in this book is carefully balanced between reviews and research papers and has the purpose of presenting a set of applications and case studies sufficiently broad enough to enlighten the reader attention toward the great potential of plasmonic biosensing and the great impact that can be expected in the near future for supporting disease screening and stratification.

gold nanorods --- silica coating --- localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) --- surface functionalization --- SPR biosensor --- enzyme --- laccase --- chlorophene --- emerging pollutant --- water sample --- plasmonic nanowires --- molecular sensing --- surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy --- porous alumina --- TREM2 sensors --- Alzheimer’s disease --- plasmonic interferometry --- optical biosensor --- surface plasmon resonance --- olfactory sensors --- electronic noses --- volatile organic compounds --- odorants --- SPR --- cell-based assay --- viral growth kinetics --- human coronavirus --- hydroxychloroquine --- protease --- caspase --- avidin-biotin interaction --- biosensors --- AuNPs --- metal–graphene hybrid --- simulations --- Mie theory --- African swine fever virus (ASFV) --- loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) --- surface plasmon resonance (SPR) --- fluorescence detection --- SERS analysis --- plasmonic metal nanoparticles --- hotspots --- hybrid materials

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Plant essential oils (PEOs) are hydrophobic liquids that contain volatile chemical components that are derived from various plant parts. They are among the most important plant natural products because of their diverse biological features as well as their therapeutic and nutritional applications. In addition, several aromatic PEOs are used to flavor food and add aromas to incense in the culinary sector. Recently, many PEOs have demonstrated promising antimicrobial activity against different post-harvest diseases and have been considered as possible natural alternatives for chemical treatments. This Special Issue titled “Plant Essential Oil with Biological Activity” provided an overview of several elements of PEOs, including their biological applications, antimicrobial activities, bio-pharmaceutical properties, principal single constituents, and mechanisms of action. This Special Issues fills in knowledge gaps and aids in the advancement of EO applications around the world. This issue contains thirteen research articles and two review papers that address a wide range of topics and applications relevant to the bioactivity of PEOs.

allelopathy --- bioherbicides --- volatile oils --- terpenes --- aromatic plants --- Curcuma longa --- essential oil --- extraction methods --- chemical composition --- agri-food industry --- antimicrobial --- herbicidal --- antioxidant --- horseweed --- wavy-leaf fleabane --- sesquiterpenes --- cytotoxicity --- anti-senility --- tomato --- eco-friendly product --- essential oils --- quality preservation --- antioxidants --- damage index --- phytotoxicity --- environmental factors --- Cleome genus --- anti-inflammation --- Oncosiphon suffruticosum --- antibacterial --- tyrosinase inhibition --- sun protection factor --- medicinal plants --- GC-MS --- postharvest diseases --- biological control --- cell membrane permeability --- pale smartweed --- green chemistry --- herbicides --- Jungia rugosa --- Jungia bullata --- Jungia jelskii --- Jungia malvifolia --- Asteraceae --- enantiomers --- Ecuador --- Pulicaria crispa --- chemometric analysis --- chemotype --- Aerva javanica --- sandy soil --- hydrodistillation --- antioxidant activity --- seasonal variation --- angustione --- trichomes --- fruit storage --- natural products --- quality-related attributes --- volatiles --- Anisosciadium lanatum --- HepG2 --- BCL-2 --- CASPASE-3 --- apoptotic markers --- WRKY transcription factor --- Fusarium root rot --- Mentha spicata --- Mentha longifolia GC–MS --- antioxidant enzymes --- antifungal activity --- Annona cherimola --- enantioselective analysis --- antibacterial activity --- anticholinesterase activity --- germacrene D --- Campylobacter jejuni --- antimicrobial activity --- phytopathogens --- food preservatives