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The purpose of this book is to explain the process of establishing the seven Spanish grand colleges where a large part of the State and the Church elite servants were educated in the 16th and 17th centuries. To this end those colleges are considered, first, in the framework of the European collegiate movement, before placing them in the Spanish one. A study of the institutional system of those foundations follows and, in the process, several given truths are challenged. The book closes with an analysis of the careers of the individuals educated in those ‘schools’ for high bureaucrats – labelled as ‘schools of empire’ – which, with the time, became a power within the State thus causing its disappearance.---El propósito de esta obra es explicar el proceso de creación de los siete colegios mayores, en los que se formó gran parte de la elite que gestionó las principales instituciones del Estado y de la Iglesia en la España de los siglos XVI y XVII. Para ello, se sitúan primero los colegios en el contexto general del movimiento colegial europeo, antes de considerar específicamente el movimiento colegial español. Se describe después el sistema institucional de esas fundaciones, consideradas como un todo, y se cuestionan algunos planteamientos generalmente aceptados en torno a las mismas. En la tercera parte se analiza la proyección profesional de los colegiales formados en esas “escuelas” de formación de altos burócratas –a las que se denomina “escuelas de imperio”– los cuales, con el tiempo, acabarán convirtiéndose en una potencia dentro del Estado, provocando así su desaparición.

Education, Higher --- Elite (Social sciences) --- Educación superior --- Elite (Ciencias sociales) --- History. --- Historia. --- Elites (Social sciences) --- Leadership --- Power (Social sciences) --- Social classes --- Social groups --- College students --- Higher education --- Postsecondary education --- Universities and colleges --- Education --- Educación --- Universidades --- Poder --- Historia --- Colegios seculares --- Secular Colleges --- Patronage --- Universities --- Burocracia moderna --- Colegios Mayores --- Early Modern Bureaucracy --- Mecenazgo

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Zusammenfassung Um auch die unbeabsichtigten Folgen ihrer Politik zu ermitteln, unternehmen Regierungen umfassende Gesetzesfolgenabschätzungen. Immer häufiger lassen sie sich dabei von unabhängigen Expertengremien kontrollieren. Doch: Wie erzielen diese Gremien Einfluss? Und welche Rolle spielen sie als Politikberater für Bürokratieabbau und bessere Rechtsetzung? Das Buch eröffnet neue Einblicke in die Entwicklungshistorie und Handlungsrealität der drei erfahrensten Normenkontrollräte in Europa. Vor dem Hintergrund unterschiedlicher Verwaltungskulturen werden die Ratstypen „Wachhund“, „Torwächter“ und „Kritischer Freund“ herausgearbeitet. Die Ergebnisse schärfen die politische und wissenschaftliche Debatte um die Leistungsfähigkeit von Normenkontrollräten. Abstract In order to calculate the unintended consequences of their policies, governments conduct comprehensive assessments of the impact of legislation. In doing so, they have independent expert committees monitor them on an increasingly frequent basis. However, in what ways do these committees have an influence in this respect? And what role do they play as policy advisors in terms of dismantling bureaucracy and better legislation? This book provides new insights into the history of the development of the three most experienced supervisory bodies in Europe and the reality of how they conduct themselves. Against the backdrop of various administrative cultures, the book presents the following types of supervisory committees in detail: ‘watchdog’, ‘gatekeeper’ and ‘critical friend’. Its findings intensify the political and academic debate on the performance and efficiency of supervisory bodies.

judicial review --- legislative procedure --- regulation --- administrative formalities --- administrative control --- simplification of legislation --- comparative analysis --- thesis --- Germany --- Netherlands --- Nyderlandų Karalystė --- Reino dos Países Baixos --- Madalmaade Kuningriik --- Holanda --- Nizozemské království --- Regatul Țărilor de Jos --- Holandské kráľovstvo --- Nizozemí --- Mbretëria e Holandës --- Краљевина Холандија --- Кралство Холандија --- Nizozemsko --- Holandë --- Koninkrijk der Nederlanden --- Holande --- Kongeriget Nederlandene --- Reino de los Países Bajos --- Alankomaiden kuningaskunta --- Hollandi Kuningriik --- Olandija --- Hollande --- Ríocht na hÍsiltíre --- Holland --- Ολλανδία --- Βασίλειο των Κάτω Χωρών --- Holland Királyság --- Hollanti --- Holandija --- Regno dei Paesi Bassi --- Кралство Нидерландия --- Kraljevina Nizozemska --- Kingdom of the Netherlands --- Holandsko --- das Königreich der Niederlande --- Konungariket Nederländerna --- Нидерландия --- ir-Renju tal-Olanda --- Olanda --- Nīderlandes Karaliste --- Królestwo Niderlandów --- Royaume des Pays-Bas --- An Ísiltír --- Nederlandene --- die Niederlande --- Alankomaat --- Κάτω Χώρες --- Hollandia --- Nyderlandai --- Paesi Bassi --- Nederländerna --- Nīderlande --- Países Baixos --- Холандия --- Nederland --- Holandia --- Nizozemska --- Țările de Jos --- Madalmaad --- l-Olanda --- Pays-Bas --- Холандија --- Países Bajos --- spolkové Německo --- Сојузна Република Германија --- Federal Republic of Germany --- West-Duitsland --- Allemagne RF --- Vācijas Federatīvā Republika --- Alemanha do Oeste --- Bondsrepubliek Duitsland --- RFA --- Germania ovest --- NSR --- Germania federale --- RFT --- Alemanha Ocidental --- Västtyskland --- ir-Repubblika Federali tal-Ġermanja --- Repubblica federale di Germania --- RFN --- BR Deutschland --- Vakarų Vokietija --- Germania occidentale --- Németországi Szövetségi Köztársaság --- Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland --- SRN --- Saksamaa Liitvabariik --- západní Německo --- Repubblica federale tedesca --- Alemania Federal --- Ομοσπονδιακή Δημοκρατία της Γερμανίας --- Alemania Occidental --- Förbundsrepubliken Tyskland --- Alemanha RF --- ФРГ --- Republika Federalna Niemiec --- Савезна Република Немачка --- Gjermania Perëndimore --- Saksan liittotasavalta --- German Federal Republic --- Savezna Republika Njemačka --- Vokietijos Federacinė Respublika --- СРН --- PCG --- ΟΔΓ --- SLV --- Alemanha Federal --- Западна Немачка --- Länsi-Saksa --- Spolková republika Nemecko --- FRG --- Duitse Bondsrepubliek --- NSZK --- Westdeutschland --- República Federal de Alemania --- Nemecká spolková republika --- Allemagne de l'Ouest --- Poblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine --- Lääne-Saksamaa --- die Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- Δυτική Γερμανία --- Alemania RF --- Allemagne fédérale --- Γερμανία ΟΔ --- Německá spolková republika --- VFR --- RFGJ --- República Federal da Alemanha --- západné Nemecko --- West Germany --- Vesttyskland --- Republica Federală Germania --- Федерална република Германия --- Zvezna republika Nemčija --- Západní Berlín --- BRD --- République fédérale d'Allemagne --- Ομοσπονδιακή Γερμανία --- Spolková republika Německo --- Republika Federale e Gjermanisë --- Германија --- Германия --- Duitsland --- Tyskland --- Deutschland --- Γερμανία --- Nemčija --- Njemačka --- Germania --- Allemagne --- An Ghearmáin --- Nemecko --- Niemcy --- Saksa --- Vokietija --- Németország --- il-Ġermanja --- Vācija --- Saksamaa --- Alemanha --- Alemania --- Německo --- Gjermania --- Немачка --- értekezés --- disertacija --- dissertation --- дипломска работа --- disertační práce --- disertace --- докторска дисертација --- магистерска теза --- diplomamunka --- Habilitationsschrift --- teza --- diplomová práce --- magisterij --- doktorská práce --- disszertáció --- rigorózní práce --- Dissertation --- doktorsavhandling --- doktori értekezés --- disputats --- habilitační práce --- doktorat --- Doktorarbeit --- teżi --- avhandling --- διατριβή --- Hochschulschrift --- väitöskirja --- kandidátská práce --- tese --- proefschrift --- afhandling --- tráchtas --- дисертация --- dysertacja --- tesi --- teză --- tesis --- szakdolgozat --- temë shkencore --- diplomska naloga --- diplomski (magistarski, doktorski) rad --- väitekiri --- kandidátska práca --- теза --- дисертација --- thèse --- tēze --- összehasonlítás --- ricerca comparativa --- comparative assessment --- lyginamasis tyrimas --- évaluation comparative --- összehasonlító kutatás --- vlerësim krahasues --- comparație --- komparatívny výskum --- упоредно истраживање --- tqabbil --- komparativna analiza --- lyginimas --- evalwazzjoni komparattiva --- jämförande utvärdering --- vertaileva arviointi --- investigação comparativa --- сравнителна оценка --- paragone --- investigación comparativa --- упоређивање --- vergleichende Analyse --- kërkim krahasues --- riċerka komparattiva --- võrdlus --- сравнение --- evaluación comparativa --- srovnávací test --- vergleichende Forschung --- krahasim --- vergelijkende analyse --- vergleichende Methoden --- salīdzinošs novērtējums --- lyginamasis įvertinimas --- sammenligning --- srovnání --- võrdlev hindamine --- összehasonlító értékelés --- võrdlusanalüüs --- poredbeno istraživanje --- συγκριτική έρευνα --- primerjalna ocena --- σύγκριση --- ocena porównawcza --- revision och utvärdering --- sammenlignende vurdering --- jämförelse --- srovnávací posouzení --- porównanie --- comparative research --- pesquisa comparativa --- srovnávací výzkum --- komparativ forskning --- búsqueda comparativa --- prestatiebeoordeling --- comparison --- vertailuanalyysi --- méthode comparative --- komparatívne hodnotenie --- cercetare comparativă --- comparação --- vergelijking --- primerjalne raziskave --- badania porównawcze --- упоредна оцена --- comparaison --- Vergleich --- vertailu --- võrdlev uurimine --- evaluare comparativă --- jämförande forskning --- komparácia --- valutazione comparativa --- srovnávací analýza --- comparación --- sammenlignende forskning --- recherche comparative --- salīdzinājums --- vergleichende Bewertung --- компаративна анализа --- vertailututkimus --- primerjava --- vergelijkend onderzoek --- сравнителен анализ --- võrdlev analüüs --- anailís chomparáideach --- összehasonlító elemzés --- análisis comparativo --- lyginamoji analizė --- analiżi komparattiva --- analisi comparativa --- споредбена анализа --- komparativní analýza --- sammenlignende analyse --- analiză comparativă --- упоредна анализа --- vertaileva analyysi --- vergleichender Test --- analizë krahasuese --- análise comparativa --- analiza porównawcza --- συγκριτική ανάλυση --- salīdzinošā analīze --- primerjalna analiza --- analyse comparative --- komparatívna analýza --- jämförande analys --- poredbena analiza --- likumdošanas vienkāršošana --- simplifying legislation --- zjednodušení právních předpisů --- zjednodušení práva --- įstatymų supaprastinimas --- legjislacion thjeshtues --- uproszczenie przepisów prawnych --- simplificação legislativa --- tiesību aktu vienkāršošana --- опростяване на законодателство --- zjednodušení legislativy --- απλούστευση της νομοθεσίας --- semplificazione legislativa --- simplificare legislativă --- zjednodušovanie legislatívy --- simpliú reachtaíochta --- seadusandluse lihtsustamine --- jogszabályok egyszerűsítése --- teisės aktų supaprastinimas --- поедноставување на законодавството --- simplifikazzjoni tal-leġiżlazzjoni --- forenkling af lovgivningen --- lainsäädännön yksinkertaistaminen --- pojednostavljenje zakonodavstva --- vereenvoudiging van de wetgeving --- thjeshtim i legjislacionit --- förenkling av lagstiftning --- poenostavitev zakonodaje --- поједностављење законодавства --- simplificación legislativa --- Vereinfachung der Rechtsvorschriften --- simplification législative --- administratīvā kontrole --- hallinnollinen valvontamenettely --- administratief toezicht --- административен контрол --- verifica amministrativa --- správní kontrola --- administracinė kontrolė --- kontrol af offentlig myndighed --- közigazgatási ellenőrzés --- overheidstoezicht --- Kontrolle der öffentlichen Verwaltung --- správní dozor --- upravna kontrola --- správny dohľad --- upravni nadzor --- igazgatási ellenőrzés --- управна контрола --- administratīvā pārbaude --- administracinė patikra --- kontrola administracyjna --- Verwaltungskontrolle --- administrativna provjera --- rialú riaracháin --- administrativ kontrol --- administratívna kontrola --- hallinnollinen tarkastus --- kontroll amministrattiv --- control administrativ --- controlo administrativo --- административна проверка --- halduskontroll --- controllo amministrativo --- administrativ kontroll --- upravni pregled --- administratieve controle --- administrativní kontrola --- control administrativo --- kontroll administrativ --- contrôle administratif --- административна контрола --- adminisztratív ellenőrzés --- διοικητικός έλεγχος --- διοικητική απλούστευση --- burocracia --- bureaucratie --- cost al formalităților administrative --- obciążenie administracyjne --- adminisztratív költségek --- administravimo supaprastinimas --- formalități administrative --- trámite administrativo --- stroški upravnih formalnosti --- thjeshtim administrativ --- απλούστευση των διοικητικών διατυπώσεων --- coût des formalités administratives --- coste de la administración --- igazgatási költségek --- správní postupy --- zjednodušovanie administratívy --- hallinnollinen yksinkertaistaminen --- разходи за администрацията --- административнo оптерећењe --- Bürokratie --- byråkrati --- бюрокрация --- administratívna záťaž --- hallinnollinen rasitus --- piż amministrattiv --- uproszczenie procedur administracyjnych --- administracinė našta --- semplificazione amministrativa --- koszty administracyjne --- simplificare a formalităților --- byrokracie --- biurokracja --- közigazgatási eljárási követelmények --- coste administrativo --- Verwaltungsaufwand --- custo administrativo --- administracinių formalumų supaprastinimas --- upravno breme --- burokraci --- Kosten der Verwaltung --- simplificación de las formalidades administrativas --- birokrātija --- administrativní zátěž --- cost administrativ --- byrokratia --- administrative omkostninger --- simplification des formalités administratives --- halduskoormus --- трошкови администрације --- administrative simplification --- koszty formalności administracyjnych --- správní podmínky --- administratīvo formalitāšu vienkāršošana --- бирократија --- administratieve kosten --- burocrazia --- administratívne zjednodušovanie --- hallinnon yksinkertaistaminen --- uproszczenie formalności --- sarcină administrativă --- asjaajamise lihtsustamine --- κόστος της διοίκησης --- hallinnolliset kustannukset --- poenostavitev upravnih formalnosti --- avbyråkratisering --- oneri amministrativi --- spiża tal-amministrazzjoni --- coste de los trámites administrativos --- управни формалности --- förenklad förvaltning --- simplificación de los trámites administrativos --- upravna poenostavitev --- náklady na administratívu --- simplificação das formalidades administrativas --- γραφειοκρατία --- administrativ byrde --- custo das formalidades administrativas --- administrativ forenkling --- burokrazija --- costi delle formalità amministrative --- semplificazione delle formalità amministrative --- zjednodušovanie administratívnych formalít --- simplifikazzjoni amministrattiva --- административно опростяване --- bureaukrati --- thjeshtim i formaliteteve administrative --- encargos administrativos --- custo da administração --- administracinių formalumų sąnaudos --- administrativni stroški --- hallintokustannus --- ualach riaracháin --- kosto administrimi --- административна тежест --- administratieve lasten --- birokracija --- administratívne náklady --- опростяване на административните процедури --- administrationskostnader --- coût de l'administration --- biurokratija --- costi dell'amministrazione --- simplification of administrative formalities --- Verwaltungslasten --- simplificare administrativă --- asjaajamiskulud --- стойност на административните процедури --- administrativa --- közigazgatási eljárási költségek --- spiża amministrattiva --- поедноставување административни формалности --- administrative burden --- armonización de formalidades administrativas --- административни трошкови --- simplificação administrativa --- birocrație --- kosto e formaliteteve administrative --- kosto administrative --- administratívne zaťaženie --- bürokrácia --- cost of administration --- bureaucracy --- náklady na administratívne formality --- διοικητική επιβάρυνση --- administrativ börda --- bürokraatia --- simplification administrative --- administratīvās izmaksas --- hallinnon kustannukset --- administravimo išlaidos --- charge administrative --- vereenvoudiging van administratieve formaliteiten --- byrokracia --- cost of administrative formalities --- carga administrativa --- administrative cost --- igazgatás egyszerűsítése --- κόστος των διοικητικών διατυπώσεων --- поједностављење административних формалности --- förenkling av administrativa formaliteteter --- simplificación administrativa --- Kosten der administrativen Formalitäten --- stroški uprave --- administratīvais slogs --- costi amministrativi. --- formalità amministrattiva --- Vereinfachung der administrativen Formalitäten --- διοικητικό κόστος --- coût administratif --- simplifikazzjoni tal-formalitajiet amministrattivi --- coste de las formalidades administrativas --- formalidade administrativa --- hallinnolliset muodollisuudet --- administraciniai formalumai --- formalidad administrativa --- administratieve formaliteit --- administrativne formalnosti --- formalità amministrativa --- административне формалности --- formalitete administrative --- административни формалности --- administrativa formaliteter --- administratívne formality --- formalności administracyjne --- διοικητική διατύπωση --- haldusformaalsused --- közigazgatási alaki követelmények --- formalité administrative --- administrative formaliteter --- upravna formalnost --- správní formality --- administratīvās formalitātes --- formalitajiet amministrattivi --- Verwaltungsformalität --- foirmiúlachtaí riaracháin --- formalități birocratice --- forskrift --- udstedelse af forordninger --- пропис --- rechtsetzende Bestimmung --- reglamento nuostata --- saistoši noteikumi --- reglement --- myndighetsföreskrift --- bestämmelse --- regolamentazione --- määruse säte --- κανονιστική πράξη --- önkormányzati rendelet --- asetuksen säännös --- kungörelse --- regulačné ustanovenie --- regula --- nolikums --- možnost nařízení --- föreskrift --- udstedelse af bestemmelser --- rendeleti rendelkezés --- verordeningsbesluit --- disposition réglementaire --- taisyklės --- voorschrift --- acto de regulación administrativa --- bestemmelser --- disposição regulamentar --- normativa --- atto regolamentare --- kormányrendelet --- dispoziție regulamentară --- disposizione regolamentare --- регулаторен акт --- dispozitë rregullatore --- rendeletalkotás --- κανονιστική διάταξη --- acte réglementaire --- tvarka --- regulatory provision --- udstedelse af forskrifter --- ρύθμιση --- miniszteri rendelet --- rendelet --- regulamento --- noteikumi --- reglamento administrativo --- reglamentas --- nařízení --- rregullore --- forordning --- regolamento --- règlement --- förordning --- Verordnung --- asetus tai hallinnollinen määräys --- akt prawny --- regulament --- регламент --- propis --- rialachán --- nariadenie --- уредба --- regolament --- määrus --- κανονισμός --- verordening --- регулатива --- uredba --- lagstiftningsprocess --- zákonodárná procedura --- proces legislativ --- zákonodarná procedúra --- vaivém legislativo --- įstatymų leidybos būdas --- proces normotvorby --- tvorba práva --- legislativní technika --- likumdošanas tehnika --- Weg der Gesetzgebung --- zákonodárný proces --- legislatívna technika --- menetlus --- iter legislativo --- técnica legislativa --- Gesetzgebungstechnik --- legislative process --- procesi legjislativ --- номотехника --- legislativní postup --- zákonodárný postup --- legislative technique --- technique législative --- seadusandlik protsess --- νομοτεχνική επεξεργασία --- lovgivningsteknik --- processus législatif --- tecnica parlamentare --- törvényhozási eljárás --- zakonodavna procedura --- lainsäädäntöprosessi --- lainsäädäntöjärjestelmä --- постапка за донесување закон --- įstatymų leidybos procesas --- tvorba norem --- törvényhozási folyamat --- teknikë legjislative --- proceso legislativo --- normotvorba --- navette législative --- método legislativo --- tvorba zákonů --- metodo della navette --- legislativní činnost --- νομοθετικό έργο --- likumdošanas process --- zakonodavni proces --- procedurë legjislative --- wetgevende procedure --- Gesetzgebungsverfahren --- lainsäädäntömenettely --- procedimiento legislativo --- procédure législative --- νομοθετική διαδικασία --- seadusandlik menetlus --- törvényalkotási eljárás --- законодавни поступак --- законодавна постапка --- įstatymų leidyba --- zakonodajni postopek --- legislativní proces --- procedura legislativa --- likumdošanas kārtība --- nós imeachta reachtach --- procedură legislativă --- lovgivningsprocedure --- legislatívny proces --- законодателна процедура --- zakonodavni postupak --- procedura ustawodawcza --- processo legislativo --- proċedura leġiżlattiva --- lagstiftningsförfarande --- контрола од повисока судска инстанција --- soudní kontrola --- судски надзор --- tiesu iestādes veikta kontrole --- судска контрола на законитоста --- sudbeni nadzor --- δικαστικός έλεγχος --- control jurisdiccional --- controlo jurisdicional --- судска контрола --- sudska kontrola --- control jurisdicțional --- reviżjoni ġuridika --- domstolsprøvelse --- juridiskā kontrole --- sindacato giurisdizionale --- shqyrtim gjyqësor --- domstolsprövning --- управни спор --- tuomioistuinvalvonta --- contrôle juridictionnel --- юридически преглед --- kohtulik läbivaatus --- athbhreithniú breithiúnach --- rewizja --- soudní přezkum --- sodniški pregled --- súdny prieskum --- teisinė priežiūra --- rechterlijke toetsing --- bírósági felülvizsgálat --- Normenkontrolle --- valutazione analitica --- judicial review. --- legislative procedure. --- regulation. --- administrative formalities. --- administrative check. --- simplification of legislation. --- comparative analysis. --- thesis. --- Germany. --- Netherlands.