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Sequential and reciprocal interactions between oral epithelial and cranial neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells give rise to the teeth and periodontium. Teeth are vital organs containing a rich number of blood vessels and nerve fibers within the dental pulp and periodontium. Teeth are composed by unique and specific collagenous (dentin, fibrillar cementum) and non-collagenous (enamel) highly mineralized extracellular matrices. Alveolar bone is another collagenous hard tissue that supports tooth stability and function through its close interaction with the periodontal ligament. Dental hard tissues are often damaged after infection or traumatic injuries that lead to the partial or complete destruction of the functional dental and supportive tissues. Well-established protocols are routinely used in dental clinics for the restoration or replacement of the damaged tooth and alveolar bone areas. Recent progress in the fields of cell biology, tissue engineering, and nanotechnology offers promising opportunities to repair damaged or missing dental tissues. Indeed, pulp and periodontal tissue regeneration is progressing rapidly with the application of stem cells, biodegradable scaffolds, and growth factors. Furthermore, methods that enable partial dental hard tissue repair and regeneration are being evaluated with variable degrees of success. However, these cell-based therapies are still incipient and many issues need to be addressed before any clinical application. The understanding of tooth and periodontal tissues formation would be beneficial for improving regenerative attempts in dental clinics. In the present e-book we have covered the various aspects dealing with dental and periodontal tissues physiology and regeneration in 6 chapters: 1. General principles on the use of stem cells for regenerating craniofacial and dental tissues 2. The roles of nerves, vessels and stem cell niches in tissue regeneration 3. Dental pulp regeneration and mechanisms of various odontoblast functions 4. Dental root and periodontal physiology, pathology and regeneration 5. Physiology and regeneration of the bone using various scaffolds and stem cell populations 6. Physiology, pathology and regeneration of enamel using dental epithelial stem cells

Stem Cells --- vasculature --- Regenerative dentistry --- scaffolds --- Periodontium --- enamel --- Tooth --- innervation --- Dental Pulp --- Tissue Engineering

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During embryonic development there are many processes that must take place to produce a viable and healthy fetus. Alterations in the cellular and/or molecular interactions within any particular organ can cause catastrophic defects leading to defective organogenesis and death of the embryo. Even slight malformations of the organs can cause developmental reprogramming and increase the likelihood of adult onset diseases. The use of experimental animals with genetic mutations that mimic many human conditions has lead to significant scientific advancement of these complex and multifaceted diseases. Furthermore, the utilization of organ culture systems has made for profound insights into the formation of organs. Over recent years, the technology related to molecular profiling and imaging of developing organs has dramatically improved, leading to the identification of subtle genetic and phenotypic alterations. This research topic will focus on the area of organ formation and modeling of human developmental diseases.

Disease Models --- kidney development --- Bladder innervation --- Animal --- Bowel disease --- Inflammation --- Developmental Biology --- Diabetes Mellitus --- Organogenesis --- Type 1 --- bone mineralization

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In the anatomical sciences, it has long been recognized that the human body displays a range of morphological patterns and arrangements, often termed “anatomical variation”. Variations are relatively common throughout the body and may cause or contribute to significant medical conditions. An understanding of normal anatomical variation is vital for performing a broad range of surgical and other medical procedures and treatment modalities. However, despite their importance to effective diagnosis and treatment, such variations are often overlooked in medical school curricula and clinical practice. Recent advances in imaging techniques and a renewed interest in variation in dissection-based gross anatomy laboratories have facilitated the identification of many such variants. The aim of this Special Issue of Diagnostics is to highlight previously under-recognized anatomical variations and to discuss them in a clinical context. In particular, this Special Issue focuses on variants that have specific implications for diagnosis and treatment and explores their potential consequences. The scope of this Special Issue includes studies on gross anatomy, radiology, surgical anatomy, histology, and neuroanatomy.

median arcuate ligament syndrome --- celiac artery --- celiac artery compression syndrome --- diaphragm --- superior mesenteric artery --- anatomy and histology --- foot --- nails --- nail matrix --- toe joint --- tendons --- toe phalanges --- nail deformity --- anatomic landmarks --- radial nerve --- variation --- order of innervation --- posterior interosseous nerve --- superficial branch of radial nerve --- forearm --- M sternalis --- anatomic variation --- learning strategies --- aberrant obturator artery --- internal iliac branching variations --- external iliac branching variations --- anatomical variations --- First metatarsal head --- radiological health --- metatarsal bones --- retroesophageal right subclavian artery --- aberrant subclavian artery --- arteria lusoria --- dysphagia lusoria --- kinked vertebral artery --- artery tortuosity --- Kommerell’s diverticulum --- recurrent laryngeal nerve --- inferior thyroid artery --- ACDF --- thyroidectomy --- jawbone --- cancellous bone density --- cortical bone thickness --- dental cone-beam computed tomography --- dental implant site --- hereditary multiple exostoses --- tibia --- fibula --- ankle --- valgus --- anatomographical variation --- sphenoid sinus --- septation --- pneumatization --- Ethiopian population --- anatomical landmarks --- pelvic lymph nodes --- gynecologic oncology --- pelvic lymphadenectomy --- bulbs of the vestibule --- midline episiotomy --- mediolateral episiotomy --- perineal nerve --- anatomy --- anatomical variation --- special issues