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Die Frühe Neuzeit ist bekannt dafür, dass sich die Kontrahenten in konfessionellen Streitfragen gegenseitig heftig attackierten. Ein herausragender Vertreter dieser Form der Auseinandersetzung war Martin Luther. In den zahlreichen von ihm verfassten Streitschriften zeigt er sich auch als großer Polemiker. Wie diese Art der sprachlich aggressiven Argumentation funktioniert, wird in der vorliegenden Studie detailliert vorgeführt. Gegenstand der Untersuchung ist die wohl prominenteste Streitschrift Luthers von 1545 "Wider das Papsttum zu Rom vom Teufel gestiftet". Auf der Basis der "neuen Rhetorik" mit ihrer deutlich weiter gefassten Definition dessen, was unter Argumenten und Argumentation verstanden werden kann, konnten mehr als 60 verschiedene Argumentationsformen eruiert werden, die verschiedene Argumentationsfunktionen erfüllen. Die Studie möchte damit sowohl einen Beitrag zur Argumentationsanalyse und einen Vorschlag zur Modellierung von Argumentationen anbieten als auch eine praktische Detailanalyse sprachlicher Aggression, die nachvollziehbar macht, worin genau der in der Forschung häufig adressierte Grobianismus dieser Texte liegt.

Mass media --- Hate speech. --- Social aspects

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El poder de la palabra es ilimitado, como lo es nuestro pensamiento. Un poder que, cuando se propaga de forma indiscriminada, global y denigrante, como se hace mediante las nuevas tecnologías, puede ser un dispositivo demoledor para nuestra sociedad. Si la palabra está cargada de odio, fanatismo y discriminación, se convierte en un arma que difunde la hostilidad, la exclusión y la violencia, con efectos devastadores para la convivencia, la diversidad, la dignidad y el respeto a los derechos individuales y colectivos. Fundamentado en una investigación etnográfica sobre la experiencia de los jóvenes como principales usuarios, este libro analiza la virulenta y amplia presencia del discurso de odio en Internet, y el distinto papel que todos desempeñamos como testigos, perpetradores o víctimas de este discurso. Muestra, además, el uso que los grupos radicales hacen de las redes sociales para expandir la intolerancia, los prejuicios y el racismo, que tan a menudo son la antesala de la violencia, y también la pasividad de las grandes plataformas ante tal realidad, que contribuyen así a normalizar y perpetuar el fenómeno del discurso de odio en la red.

Discurs de l'odi --- Comunitats virtuals --- Internet --- Online hate speech.

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The book illustrates, between past and present, the impact of hate speech on actions, investigating, more precisely, the different languages that have conveyed, witnessed or sanctioned forms of hate. The book offers a multi-disciplinary perspective, including essays of historical, social, linguistic, literary and juridical-social nature in order to identify the forms of hate speech.

Hate Speech, Hate, Actions --- Language --- Tolerance --- Non-Discrimination --- Counterspeech

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Using expert interviews and focus groups, this book investigates the theoretical and practical intersection of misinformation and social media hate in contemporary societies. Social Media and Hate argues that these phenomena, and the extreme violence and discrimination they initiate against targeted groups, are connected to the socio-political contexts, values and behaviours of users of social media platforms such as Facebook, TikTok, ShareChat, Instagram and WhatsApp. The argument moves from a theoretical discussion of the practices and consequences of sectarian hatred, through a methodological evaluation of quantitative and qualitative studies on this topic, to four qualitative case studies of social media hate, and its effects on groups, individuals and wider politics in India, Brazil, Myanmar and the UK. The technical, ideological and networked similarities and connections between social media hate against people of African and Asian descent, indigenous communities, Muslims, Dalits, dissenters, feminists, LGBTQIA communities, Rohingya and immigrants across the four contexts is highlighted, stressing the need for an equally systematic political response.This is an insightful text for scholars and academics in the fields of Cultural Studies, Community Psychology, Education, Journalism, Media and Communication Studies, Political Science, Social Anthropology, Social Psychology, and Sociology.

Language Arts & Disciplines / Journalism --- Language arts --- Communication arts --- Communication --- Study and teaching --- Online hate speech. --- Social media and society. --- Social media --- Religious aspects. --- Society and social media --- Internet hate speech --- Hate speech --- Social aspects

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Freedom of speech is a fundamental human right and a core value in liberal democracies. It is also, however, one of our time’s most contested issues, constantly claimed to be either too wide-ranging, at the peril of vulnerable minority groups, or too limited, restricting dissent and democratic deliberation. Employing a sociological lens on the dynamics of the public sphere, this book investigates how the boundaries of free speech are contested and negotiated through social processes which silence certain groups and opinions while amplifying others. The book focuses on key topics in current free speech debates – immigration, religion and culture. Drawing on population-representative survey data, media analysis and in-depth interviews, the authors paint a broad picture of how boundaries of free speech are defined and maintained, experienced and challenged, in the rapidly changing Norwegian public sphere.

Freedom of speech --- Mass media --- Public opinion. --- free speech --- media --- norway --- public sphere --- Hate speech