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Pregnancy Complications. --- Uterine Retroversion.

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Farrowing. --- Observation. --- Pig. --- Pregnancy. --- Productivity. --- Sow. --- Sows.

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Acth. --- Bedding. --- Food. --- Level. --- Performance. --- Pig. --- Pregnancy. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Sow. --- Straw bedding. --- Straw.

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Plasma progesterone (P4) concentrations during pregnancy and lactation in Mongolian gerbils were measured by enzymeimmunoassay (EIA). The P4 concentration was found to increase rapidly after mating and reach a peak on day 6 of pregnancy. The maximum level (166.0 to 184.8 ng/ml) was maintained to day 12 and then decreased to a plateau at a moderate level until day 21. The P4 concentration declined to its lowest level on day 24 of pregnancy, one day before parturition. The P4 concentration on the first day of lactation was similar to that on the last day of pregnancy. The concentration then increased to a significantly higher level on day 4 of lactation, remained relatively stable until day 19, and then significantly dropped on day 22. The present study in gerbils showed that the plasma P4 concentration during pregnancy was higher in the first half than in the second half of gestation and that the P4 level during lactation was fairly constant. The pattern of changes in the P4 level during pregnancy and lactation is therefore quite different from that of other rodent species, such as rats, mice and hamsters.

Gerbil. --- Gerbils. --- Gestation. --- Hamster. --- Hamsters. --- Increase. --- Lactation. --- Level. --- Mating. --- Meriones unguiculatus. --- Meriones-unguiculatus. --- Mice. --- Mongolian gerbil. --- Mongolian gerbils. --- Mongolian-gerbil. --- Parturition. --- Pattern. --- Plasma. --- Pregnancy and lactation. --- Pregnancy. --- Progesterone. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Rodent. --- Unguiculatus.

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Stressors are frequently encountered during the pregnancies of farm animals. However, very few studies have investigated the effects of repeated stress in pregnant females on their offspring. Forty-eight ewes at 2.5 months of pregnancy were selected for their high or low cortisol response to isolation. Half of the ewes were subjected, twice a week during the last 5 weeks of gestation, to isolation. The first isolation bout of each week consisted only of isolation from conspecifics, while the second bout of each week consisted of isolation in the presence of a dog. The cortisol responses of ewes were measured during the treatment. The other half of the ewes was drafted and released without further disturbance. The emotional reactivity of the lambs to a light contrast test, a startling stimulus test and a social isolation test were studied at 25 days of age. The lambs were retested at 8 months of age in the same tests and also in a novel arena and a novel object tests. Cardiac responses to the startling stimulus were studied at 8 months of age. Basal cortisol concentrations and cortisol response after the isolation test were studied at both ages and cortisol response to ACTH was studied at 25 days of age. Ewes repeatedly exposed to the treatment of isolation plus presence of a dog habituated to the treatment. Moreover, the initial differences between the high and low reactivity ewes were not apparent when the stress treatment was subsequently imposed. Lambs prenatally stressed were heavier at birth than control lambs. The prenatally stressed lambs showed more exploration and locomotion in the behavioural tests at 8 months of age but not at 25 days of age. At 25 days of age, the basal cortisol concentrations were higher in the prenatally stressed lambs compared to the control lambs. Whereas these results suggest that mild prenatal stress of lambs has no adverse effect on the behavioural and cortisol responses to a range of stressors, there is evidence that this trea

Acth. --- Age. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Behaviour. --- Behavioural test. --- Birth weight. --- Birth. --- Conspecific. --- Control. --- Cortisol. --- Dog. --- Emotional reactivity. --- Events. --- Ewe. --- Ewes. --- Exploration. --- Farm animals. --- Female. --- Females. --- Gestation. --- Increase. --- Increases. --- Isolation. --- Lamb. --- Lambs. --- Light. --- Locomotion. --- Object. --- Physiological-responses. --- Physiological. --- Pregnancy. --- Prenatal stress. --- Prenatal. --- Reactivity. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Social isolation. --- Social-isolation. --- Social. --- Stimulus. --- Stress. --- Stressor. --- Stressors. --- Test. --- Tests. --- Treatment. --- Weight.