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This reprint includes 15 articles in the field of non-communicable Diseases, big data, and artificial intelligence, overviewing the most recent advances in the field of AI and their application potential in 3P medicine.

Medicine --- artificial intelligence --- computer-aided diagnosis --- facial phenotypes --- machine learning --- complexity theory --- dementia --- cognitive dysfunction --- neuropsychological tests --- mental status and dementia tests --- spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) --- 90-day function outcome --- mortality --- osteoarthritis --- venous thrombosis --- VTE risk prediction --- machine learning algorithm --- population-based cohort study --- pituitary adenoma --- craniopharyngioma --- optic chiasm --- multicenter --- treatment outcome --- liver neoplasms --- deep learning --- diabetic complication --- gene-gene interaction --- AGER --- IL6R --- multiple sclerosis --- DNA methylation --- entropy --- atherosclerosis --- plaque characterization --- physical activity --- osteoporosis --- osteoporotic fracture --- vertebral fracture --- hip fracture --- distal radius fracture --- small for gestational age --- exposure to radiation --- prediction --- coronary plaque --- major adverse cardiovascular events --- coronary artery disease --- coronary computed tomographic angiography --- acute pancreatitis --- predictor --- interventions --- type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) --- prediction model --- Chinese elderly --- prediabetes --- incident diabetes --- predictive models

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The rapid aging of populations in developed countries since the 2000s has placed increasing attention on the issue of musculoskeletal disorders in elderly patients. Notably, spinal disorders not only restrict the social activities of elderly patients, but they also lead to economic loss for society. “Current Advances in Spinal Diseases of Elderly Patients” is a topical collection of articles about current perspectives on diagnosis and treatment of spinal disorders including current surgical strategies. This Special Issue covers a broad range of issues, ranging from managing refractory states such as severe osteoporosis, spinal deformity, ossification of the spinal ligaments, and multiple arthropathy to managing lifestyle-related spinal diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic in elderly populations. We hope that the readers of this Special Issue find the contents interesting.

Medicine --- Pharmacology --- spinal metastasis --- non-small cell lung cancer --- decompression --- survival --- prognosis --- epidermal growth factor receptor --- Uno's C-index --- New England Spinal Metastasis Score --- trunk muscle --- bioelectrical impedance analysis --- MRI --- back muscle strength --- epidemiological study --- osteoporosis --- osteopenia --- locomotive syndrome --- two-step test --- frailty --- cervical myelopathy --- hand grip strength --- falls --- postoperative --- human nonmercaptalbumin --- reduced albumin --- oxidative stress --- spinal sagittal alignment --- low back pain --- health-related quality of life --- conus medullaris --- height --- pelvic incidence --- magnetic resonance imaging --- healthy volunteers --- gender differences --- spine arthrodesis --- spinal fusion --- spine --- deformity --- direct lateral corpectomy --- expandable cage --- global alignment --- local kyphosis --- osteoporosis vertebral fracture --- cervical spine --- clinical findings --- computed tomography --- diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis --- ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament --- pain --- patient-reported outcomes --- whole spine --- prevalence --- influence factor --- spinal alignment --- aging --- total knee arthroplasty --- lumbar lordosis --- sagittal spinopelvic parameters --- clinical outcome --- cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament --- whole-spine computed tomography --- grading system --- multicenter study --- adult spinal deformity (ASD) --- posterior lumbar interbody fusion --- lateral lumbar interbody fusion --- sagittal correction --- perioperative complications --- surgical invasiveness --- degenerative adult deformity --- anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion --- hybrid fusion --- implant failure --- graft subsidence --- complications --- perioperative outcomes --- fusion rate --- segmental paralysis --- mechanical stability --- resident cohort --- resident registry --- spinal balance --- gender --- adult spine --- osteoporotic vertebral fracture --- residual pain --- visual analog scale --- quality of life --- adult spine deformity --- adult spine fusion --- deformity correction --- perioperative parameters --- ODI --- VAS --- disability --- T1 slope --- C2-7 SVA --- C2-7 angle --- back pain --- brace --- spine orthoses --- lumbar support --- spine support --- COVID-19 --- pandemic --- spinal disorder --- elderly --- exercise habit --- female --- activities of daily living --- nutrition --- health checkup data --- full-endoscopic lumbar discectomy --- recurrent herniation --- early recurrence --- spinal metastasis --- non-small cell lung cancer --- decompression --- survival --- prognosis --- epidermal growth factor receptor --- Uno's C-index --- New England Spinal Metastasis Score --- trunk muscle --- bioelectrical impedance analysis --- MRI --- back muscle strength --- epidemiological study --- osteoporosis --- osteopenia --- locomotive syndrome --- two-step test --- frailty --- cervical myelopathy --- hand grip strength --- falls --- postoperative --- human nonmercaptalbumin --- reduced albumin --- oxidative stress --- spinal sagittal alignment --- low back pain --- health-related quality of life --- conus medullaris --- height --- pelvic incidence --- magnetic resonance imaging --- healthy volunteers --- gender differences --- spine arthrodesis --- spinal fusion --- spine --- deformity --- direct lateral corpectomy --- expandable cage --- global alignment --- local kyphosis --- osteoporosis vertebral fracture --- cervical spine --- clinical findings --- computed tomography --- diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis --- ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament --- pain --- patient-reported outcomes --- whole spine --- prevalence --- influence factor --- spinal alignment --- aging --- total knee arthroplasty --- lumbar lordosis --- sagittal spinopelvic parameters --- clinical outcome --- cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament --- whole-spine computed tomography --- grading system --- multicenter study --- adult spinal deformity (ASD) --- posterior lumbar interbody fusion --- lateral lumbar interbody fusion --- sagittal correction --- perioperative complications --- surgical invasiveness --- degenerative adult deformity --- anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion --- hybrid fusion --- implant failure --- graft subsidence --- complications --- perioperative outcomes --- fusion rate --- segmental paralysis --- mechanical stability --- resident cohort --- resident registry --- spinal balance --- gender --- adult spine --- osteoporotic vertebral fracture --- residual pain --- visual analog scale --- quality of life --- adult spine deformity --- adult spine fusion --- deformity correction --- perioperative parameters --- ODI --- VAS --- disability --- T1 slope --- C2-7 SVA --- C2-7 angle --- back pain --- brace --- spine orthoses --- lumbar support --- spine support --- COVID-19 --- pandemic --- spinal disorder --- elderly --- exercise habit --- female --- activities of daily living --- nutrition --- health checkup data --- full-endoscopic lumbar discectomy --- recurrent herniation --- early recurrence

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The rapid aging of populations in developed countries since the 2000s has placed increasing attention on the issue of musculoskeletal disorders in elderly patients. Notably, spinal disorders not only restrict the social activities of elderly patients, but they also lead to economic loss for society. “Current Advances in Spinal Diseases of Elderly Patients” is a topical collection of articles about current perspectives on diagnosis and treatment of spinal disorders including current surgical strategies. This Special Issue covers a broad range of issues, ranging from managing refractory states such as severe osteoporosis, spinal deformity, ossification of the spinal ligaments, and multiple arthropathy to managing lifestyle-related spinal diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic in elderly populations. We hope that the readers of this Special Issue find the contents interesting.

spinal metastasis --- non-small cell lung cancer --- decompression --- survival --- prognosis --- epidermal growth factor receptor --- Uno’s C-index --- New England Spinal Metastasis Score --- trunk muscle --- bioelectrical impedance analysis --- MRI --- back muscle strength --- epidemiological study --- osteoporosis --- osteopenia --- locomotive syndrome --- two-step test --- frailty --- cervical myelopathy --- hand grip strength --- falls --- postoperative --- human nonmercaptalbumin --- reduced albumin --- oxidative stress --- spinal sagittal alignment --- low back pain --- health-related quality of life --- conus medullaris --- height --- pelvic incidence --- magnetic resonance imaging --- healthy volunteers --- n/a --- gender differences --- spine arthrodesis --- spinal fusion --- spine --- deformity --- direct lateral corpectomy --- expandable cage --- global alignment --- local kyphosis --- osteoporosis vertebral fracture --- cervical spine --- clinical findings --- computed tomography --- diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis --- ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament --- pain --- patient-reported outcomes --- whole spine --- prevalence --- influence factor --- spinal alignment --- aging --- total knee arthroplasty --- lumbar lordosis --- sagittal spinopelvic parameters --- clinical outcome --- cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament --- whole-spine computed tomography --- grading system --- multicenter study --- adult spinal deformity (ASD) --- posterior lumbar interbody fusion --- lateral lumbar interbody fusion --- sagittal correction --- perioperative complications --- surgical invasiveness --- degenerative adult deformity --- anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion --- hybrid fusion --- implant failure --- graft subsidence --- complications --- perioperative outcomes --- fusion rate --- segmental paralysis --- mechanical stability --- resident cohort --- resident registry --- spinal balance --- gender --- adult spine --- osteoporotic vertebral fracture --- residual pain --- visual analog scale --- quality of life --- adult spine deformity --- adult spine fusion --- deformity correction --- perioperative parameters --- ODI --- VAS --- disability --- T1 slope --- C2-7 SVA --- C2-7 angle --- back pain --- brace --- spine orthoses --- lumbar support --- spine support --- COVID-19 --- pandemic --- spinal disorder --- elderly --- exercise habit --- female --- activities of daily living --- nutrition --- health checkup data --- full-endoscopic lumbar discectomy --- recurrent herniation --- early recurrence --- Uno's C-index

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Joint replacement is a very successful medical treatment. However, the survivorship of hip, knee, shoulder, and other implants is limited. The degradation of materials and the immune response against degradation products or an altered tissue loading condition as well as infections remain key factors of their failure. Current research in biomechanics and biomaterials is trying to overcome these existing limitations. This includes new implant designs and materials, bearings concepts and tribology, kinematical concepts, surgical techniques, and anti-inflammatory and infection prevention strategies. A careful evaluation of new materials and concepts is required in order to fully assess the strengths and weaknesses and to improve the quality and outcomes of joint replacements. Therefore, extensive research and clinical trials are essential. The main aspects that are addressed in this Special Issue are related to new material, design and manufacturing considerations of implants, implant wear and its potential clinical consequence, implant fixation, infection-related material aspects, and taper-related research topics. This Special Issue gives an overview of the ongoing research in those fields. The contributions were solicited from researchers working in the fields of biomechanics, biomaterials, and bio- and tissue-engineering.

electrocautery --- titanium alloy --- cobalt-chrome alloy --- fatigue behavior --- biomechanical study --- Vertebral body replacement (VBR) --- non metallic --- radiolucent --- CF/PEEK --- biomechanics --- tumor --- vertebral fracture --- spine --- calcium phosphate --- granules --- bone graft substitutes --- total hip arthroplasty --- implant deformation --- acetabulum --- Metasul --- 28 mm small head --- metal-on-metal THA --- cobalt --- chromium --- titanium --- blood metal ions --- inflammation --- cytokines --- metal particles --- metal ions --- synovium --- dual taper modular hip stem --- acetabular revision --- asymptomatic stem modularity --- decision making model --- threshold --- biomaterials --- arthroplasty --- orthopaedic tribology --- experimental simulation --- total knee replacement --- PEEK-OPTIMA™ --- UHMWPE --- third body wear --- modular acetabular cup --- poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) --- ceramics --- ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) --- strain distribution --- bone stock --- cup-inlay stability --- disassembly forces --- relative motion --- periprosthetic joint infections --- infection prophylaxis --- Staphylococcus epidermidis --- in vivo osteomyelitis model --- metal wear --- retrieval study --- metal-on-metal articulation --- volumetric wear --- megaendoprosthesis --- total knee arthroplasty --- bone tumor --- Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis --- hip arthroplasty --- elementary geometrical shape model --- interchangeability --- head–taper junction --- migration --- ion implantation --- precision casting --- Ti6Al4V --- calcium --- phosphorus --- centrifugal casting --- porous implants --- tantalum --- hip replacement --- revision hip arthroplasty --- primary stability --- backside wear --- cross-linked --- total hip replacement --- hip cup system --- composite --- fibers --- polycarbonate-urethane --- meniscal replacement --- mechanical properties --- meniscus --- silicon nitride --- coating --- joint replacement --- wear --- adhesion --- trunnionosis --- trunnion failure --- fretting corrosion --- head–neck junction --- mechanically assisted crevice corrosion --- implant --- biomaterial --- corrosion --- residual stress --- taper connection --- anodic polarization --- surface treatment --- knee joint --- patellar component --- musculoskeletal multibody simulation --- patellofemoral joint --- polyetheretherketone --- fixation --- debonding --- implant–cement interface --- PMMA --- periprosthetic joint infection --- cement spacer --- articulating spacer --- hip spacer --- two-stage revision --- surface alteration --- surface roughness --- third-body wear --- zirconium oxide particles --- metal-on-cement articulation --- oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty --- bearing thickness --- retrieval analysis --- n/a --- biomedical rheology --- viscosity --- bovine calf serum --- shear thinning --- numerical simulation --- head-taper junction --- head-neck junction --- implant-cement interface