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Turning Points: Challenges for Western Democracies in the 21st Century centers around the strikingly under-researched concept of turning points and its application in political science, including various theories, fields, and sub-disciplines. The chapters provide theoretical discussion and conceptual clarity by distinguishing a set of turning points at different analytical levels. Based on a wide range of case studies, the authors illustrate where, when and how different types of turning points occur (or not) against the backdrop of current challenges in and for Western democracies. The conceptual and empirical variety of the volume allows scholars and practitioners in policymaking to develop and apply their own frameworks when dealing with turning point dynamics.

Change. --- Crisis. --- Democracy. --- International Order. --- Tipping Point. --- Turning Point.

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2012 --- Mayan prediction --- catastrophes --- the Earth --- higher spiritual reality --- turning point for humanity --- Hopi --- Nostradamus --- Edgar Cayce --- the Bible --- Mayan prophecy --- global warming --- climate change --- spiritual growth --- New Age --- the Mayan belief system --- mathematics of the Maya --- Maya calendar --- ancient prophecies

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Modern biology is rapidly becoming a study of large sets of data. Understanding these data sets is a major challenge for most life sciences, including the medical, environmental, and bioprocess fields. Computational biology approaches are essential for leveraging this ongoing revolution in omics data. A primary goal of this Special Issue, entitled “Methods in Computational Biology”, is the communication of computational biology methods, which can extract biological design principles from complex data sets, described in enough detail to permit the reproduction of the results. This issue integrates interdisciplinary researchers such as biologists, computer scientists, engineers, and mathematicians to advance biological systems analysis. The Special Issue contains the following sections:•Reviews of Computational Methods•Computational Analysis of Biological Dynamics: From Molecular to Cellular to Tissue/Consortia Levels•The Interface of Biotic and Abiotic Processes•Processing of Large Data Sets for Enhanced Analysis•Parameter Optimization and Measurement

n/a --- inosine --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- geometric singular perturbation theory --- simulation --- BioModels Database --- ADAR --- calcium current --- bifurcation analysis --- bacterial biofilms --- nonlinear dynamics --- explanatory model --- turning point bifurcation --- oscillator --- workflow --- bioreactor integrated modeling --- modeling methods --- elementary flux modes visualization --- multiscale systems biology --- evolutionary algorithm --- metabolic model --- differential evolution --- reduced-order model --- computational model --- gut microbiota dysbiosis --- canard-induced EADs --- computational biology --- metabolic modelling --- methods --- SREBP-2 --- mechanistic model --- systems modeling --- biological networks --- macromolecular composition --- provenance --- flux balance analysis --- immunotherapy --- compartmental modeling --- immuno-oncology --- metabolic network visualization --- mechanism --- bistable switch --- Clostridium difficile infection --- bioreactor operation optimization --- microRNA targeting --- CFD simulation --- biomass reaction --- RNA editing --- ordinary differential equation --- metabolic modeling --- mass-action networks --- hybrid model --- multiple time scales --- quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) --- mathematical modeling --- microRNA --- cancer --- parameter optimization --- Hopf bifurcation --- breast

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This Special Issue deals with the theory and applications of differential and difference equations, and includes papers for different branches of differential equations, such as - Boundary Value Problems for Fractional Differential Equations and Inclusions - Spectral Theory for Fractional Differential Equations - Generalized Abel's Integral Equations - Oscillation Results for Higher Order Differential Equations - Stability of Equilibria under Stochastic Perturbations - Harmonic Functions - Coincidence Continuation Theory for Multivalued Maps - Generalized Briot–Bouquet Differential Equation - Nonlocal Inverse Problem - Lyapunov Type Theorems for Exponential Stability - Fuzzy Functions on Time Scales - Modified Helmholtz Equation on a Regular Hexagon

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- generating functions --- functional equations --- partial differential equations --- special numbers and polynomials --- Bernoulli numbers --- Euler numbers --- Stirling numbers --- Bell polynomials --- Cauchy numbers --- Poisson-Charlier polynomials --- Bernstein basis functions --- Daehee numbers and polynomials --- combinatorial sums --- binomial coefficients --- p-adic integral --- probability distribution --- Mittag-Leffler function --- spectrum --- eigenvalue --- fractional derivative --- q-Homotopy analysis transform method --- Natural decomposition method --- Whitham–Broer–Kaup equations --- Caputo derivative --- liner recursions --- convolution formulas --- Gegenbauer polynomials --- Humbert polynomials --- classical polynomials in several variables --- classical number sequences --- Riemann–Liouville fractional integral --- Mittag–Leffler function --- Babenko’s approach --- generalized Abel’s integral equation --- harmonic functions --- janowski functions --- starlike functions --- extreme points --- subordination --- ocillation --- higher-order --- differential equations --- p-Laplacian equations --- rumor spreading model --- white noise --- stochastic differential equations --- asymptotic mean square stability --- stability in probability --- linear matrix inequality --- Co-infection of HIV-TB --- equilibrium point --- reproduction number --- stability analysis --- backward bifurcation --- harmonic univalent functions --- generalized linear operator --- differential operator --- Salagean operator --- coefficient bounds --- essential maps --- coincidence points --- topological principles --- selections --- univalent function --- analytic function --- unit disk --- integro-differential equation --- mixed type equation --- spectral parameters --- integral conditions --- solvability --- exponential stability --- linear skew-product semiflows --- Lyapunov functions --- fractional differential equations --- fractional differential inclusions --- existence --- fixed point theorems --- fuzzy functions time scales --- Hukuhara difference --- generalized nabla Hukuhara derivative --- fuzzy nabla integral --- caputo fractional derivative --- multi-term fractional differential equations --- fixed point --- difference equations --- periodicity character --- nonexistence cases of periodic solutions --- hypersingular integral equations --- iterative projection method --- Lyapunov stability theory --- MADE --- eigenfunction --- convergence --- Fourier transform --- singular Cauchy problem --- asymptotic series --- regularization method --- turning point --- unified transform --- modified Helmholtz equation --- global relation --- triple q-hypergeometric function --- convergence region --- Ward q-addition --- q-integral representation --- generating functions --- functional equations --- partial differential equations --- special numbers and polynomials --- Bernoulli numbers --- Euler numbers --- Stirling numbers --- Bell polynomials --- Cauchy numbers --- Poisson-Charlier polynomials --- Bernstein basis functions --- Daehee numbers and polynomials --- combinatorial sums --- binomial coefficients --- p-adic integral --- probability distribution --- Mittag-Leffler function --- spectrum --- eigenvalue --- fractional derivative --- q-Homotopy analysis transform method --- Natural decomposition method --- Whitham–Broer–Kaup equations --- Caputo derivative --- liner recursions --- convolution formulas --- Gegenbauer polynomials --- Humbert polynomials --- classical polynomials in several variables --- classical number sequences --- Riemann–Liouville fractional integral --- Mittag–Leffler function --- Babenko’s approach --- generalized Abel’s integral equation --- harmonic functions --- janowski functions --- starlike functions --- extreme points --- subordination --- ocillation --- higher-order --- differential equations --- p-Laplacian equations --- rumor spreading model --- white noise --- stochastic differential equations --- asymptotic mean square stability --- stability in probability --- linear matrix inequality --- Co-infection of HIV-TB --- equilibrium point --- reproduction number --- stability analysis --- backward bifurcation --- harmonic univalent functions --- generalized linear operator --- differential operator --- Salagean operator --- coefficient bounds --- essential maps --- coincidence points --- topological principles --- selections --- univalent function --- analytic function --- unit disk --- integro-differential equation --- mixed type equation --- spectral parameters --- integral conditions --- solvability --- exponential stability --- linear skew-product semiflows --- Lyapunov functions --- fractional differential equations --- fractional differential inclusions --- existence --- fixed point theorems --- fuzzy functions time scales --- Hukuhara difference --- generalized nabla Hukuhara derivative --- fuzzy nabla integral --- caputo fractional derivative --- multi-term fractional differential equations --- fixed point --- difference equations --- periodicity character --- nonexistence cases of periodic solutions --- hypersingular integral equations --- iterative projection method --- Lyapunov stability theory --- MADE --- eigenfunction --- convergence --- Fourier transform --- singular Cauchy problem --- asymptotic series --- regularization method --- turning point --- unified transform --- modified Helmholtz equation --- global relation --- triple q-hypergeometric function --- convergence region --- Ward q-addition --- q-integral representation

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This Special Issue deals with the theory and applications of differential and difference equations, and includes papers for different branches of differential equations, such as - Boundary Value Problems for Fractional Differential Equations and Inclusions - Spectral Theory for Fractional Differential Equations - Generalized Abel's Integral Equations - Oscillation Results for Higher Order Differential Equations - Stability of Equilibria under Stochastic Perturbations - Harmonic Functions - Coincidence Continuation Theory for Multivalued Maps - Generalized Briot–Bouquet Differential Equation - Nonlocal Inverse Problem - Lyapunov Type Theorems for Exponential Stability - Fuzzy Functions on Time Scales - Modified Helmholtz Equation on a Regular Hexagon

generating functions --- functional equations --- partial differential equations --- special numbers and polynomials --- Bernoulli numbers --- Euler numbers --- Stirling numbers --- Bell polynomials --- Cauchy numbers --- Poisson-Charlier polynomials --- Bernstein basis functions --- Daehee numbers and polynomials --- combinatorial sums --- binomial coefficients --- p-adic integral --- probability distribution --- Mittag-Leffler function --- spectrum --- eigenvalue --- fractional derivative --- q-Homotopy analysis transform method --- Natural decomposition method --- Whitham–Broer–Kaup equations --- Caputo derivative --- liner recursions --- convolution formulas --- Gegenbauer polynomials --- Humbert polynomials --- classical polynomials in several variables --- classical number sequences --- Riemann–Liouville fractional integral --- Mittag–Leffler function --- Babenko’s approach --- generalized Abel’s integral equation --- harmonic functions --- janowski functions --- starlike functions --- extreme points --- subordination --- ocillation --- higher-order --- differential equations --- p-Laplacian equations --- rumor spreading model --- white noise --- stochastic differential equations --- asymptotic mean square stability --- stability in probability --- linear matrix inequality --- Co-infection of HIV-TB --- equilibrium point --- reproduction number --- stability analysis --- backward bifurcation --- harmonic univalent functions --- generalized linear operator --- differential operator --- Salagean operator --- coefficient bounds --- essential maps --- coincidence points --- topological principles --- selections --- univalent function --- analytic function --- unit disk --- integro-differential equation --- mixed type equation --- spectral parameters --- integral conditions --- solvability --- exponential stability --- linear skew-product semiflows --- Lyapunov functions --- fractional differential equations --- fractional differential inclusions --- existence --- fixed point theorems --- fuzzy functions time scales --- Hukuhara difference --- generalized nabla Hukuhara derivative --- fuzzy nabla integral --- caputo fractional derivative --- multi-term fractional differential equations --- fixed point --- difference equations --- periodicity character --- nonexistence cases of periodic solutions --- hypersingular integral equations --- iterative projection method --- Lyapunov stability theory --- MADE --- eigenfunction --- convergence --- Fourier transform --- singular Cauchy problem --- asymptotic series --- regularization method --- turning point --- unified transform --- modified Helmholtz equation --- global relation --- triple q-hypergeometric function --- convergence region --- Ward q-addition --- q-integral representation