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In 2015, Lao PDR is virtually unrecognizable from what it was just a decade ago. A more open, more outward trade landscape has transformed the country from a closed-off backwater into a fast-growing developing country, complete with coffee shops, restaurants, and billboards lining the streets of what is now a much busier and more lively Vientiane. Rural-urban migration is underway as non-agricultural opportunities are on the rise. Importers and exporters are experiencing an increasing level of government transparency. Customs operations are nearly fully automated and border clearance times have been drastically reduced. As a crowning achievement-and after 15 years of negotiations, Lao PDR is now a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), with its eyes set on establishing itself as an equal partner in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Economic Community (AEC). The situation has improved to such an extent that the country has become a model for other Least Developed Countries (LDCs) undertaking trade reform. Optimism is in the air, and reformers know that having come so far there is still a tremendous amount to be done. Within the context of a complex and largely incomplete transition from a planned to a market economy, the strides taken by the Lao government in the relatively niche area of trade policy reform and trade facilitation merit attention. The country still has many visceral challenges to overcome. Trade reform is much less visible, quite often not a front-page story, and rarely capable of changing people's fortunes overnight. Rather, it is a process of deliberate, subtle changes that over time provide the atmosphere for a country to bloom, and Lao PDR is blooming. Understanding the scope and scale of reform that has occurred in order for the country to reach this point is not always easy. Without looking back over the last few years, without peering deeper into the structures that have changed, it is possible to miss just how remarkable this story truly is.

Trade Facilitation

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This is the sixth edition of Connecting to Compete, a report summarizing the findings from the new dataset for the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) and its component indicators. The 2018 LPI also provides expanded data on supply chain performance and constraints in more than 100 countries, including information on time, distance and reliability, and ratings on domestic infrastructure quality, services, and border agencies. The 2018 LPI encapsulates the firsthand knowledge of movers of international trade. This information is relevant for policymakers and the private sector seeking to identify reform priorities for "soft" and "hard" trade and logistics infrastructure. Findings include: - Gaps in logistics performance between the bottom and top performers persist. - Supply chain reliability and service quality are strongly associated with logistics performance. - Infrastructure and trade facilitation initiatives still play an important role in assuring basic connectivity and access to gateways for most developing countries. - The logistics policy agenda continues to broaden, with growing focus on supply chain resilience, cyber security, environmental sustainability, and skills shortages.

Infrastructure --- Logistics --- Trade Facilitation --- Trade Policy --- Transport

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The Palestinian economy is severely hampered by trade-related restrictions, high logistics costs, cumbersome procedures and institutional inefficiencies. Operating within an uneven customs union arrangement with Israel, the Palestinian economy has accumulated an enormous trade deficit and overdependence on Israel's economy and has neither could develop dynamic export-oriented sectors nor to tap into larger and more competitive third markets. Over the years, this situation has contributed to slow growth, high unemployment, and stubborn persistence of poverty in the Palestinian economy. A bold reform agenda is urgently required to improve the Palestinian economy's trade outcomes. Immediate steps should be taken to reduce the burden of existing trade-related restrictions and transaction costs. The Palestinian economy should also begin the transition toward an autonomous trade regime, and can exercise control over its own customs territory, in line with its long-term economic interest. It should retain an open trade regime and develop its links with overseas markets. The economic relationship with Israel should be recast in a manner that is comprehensive and exploits the large synergies that exist between the two economies. Such a course will provide the Palestinian Authority with some of the tools and incentives to undertake far-reaching structural reforms. The reform agenda will neither be a simple endeavor nor will it alone determine the success or failure of the Palestinian economy. This note proposes ideas that could, in the fullness of time, and with the assistance of international donors help overcome existing dysfunctions and improve trade-related economic outcomes in the Palestinian economy.

Export Competitiveness --- Trade Facilitation --- Trade Policy

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Barber B. Conable, President of the World Bank and International Finance Corporation addressed the topic of the importance to development of trade and the need for a full role for developing countries in the negotiations. The latest general agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT) statistics show that export earnings of developing nations fell by 5.5 percent last year, while their imports fell by 6.5 percent in value terms. New GATT negotiations must be launched to help create a more certain outlook for trade and, indeed, for the world economy. He discusses that export development in the developing countries is not possible without generation of the skills the modern market and modern technology require, and the transfer of these skills becomes the cutting edge of education. Restoration of economic growth in the developing countries will benefit the export industries of the developed countries. The Bank attaches great importance to securing a more open trading environment. The negotiations should include discussion of all issues of importance to international trade between developed and developing countries, and they should also increase opportunities for trade among developing countries themselves.

International trade and trade rules --- Trade facilitation

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Negotiations on trade facilitation wereconcluded at the WTO 9th Ministerial Conference in 2013, and the Agreements on Trade Facilitation (TFA), therefore, became the first fully multilateral agreement inWTO history.Since then, trade facilitation has been in the limelight on the stage of the world trading system. During recent years, the TFA has been consistently on the agenda of the summits of G20, G7, and APEC.The Agreementhas come into force and shall be implemented on a global scale. As a result, the WTO members shall be prepared to translate the Agreement into their domestic legislation, which will involve a series of reforms in trade laws and policies.There are extensive voices demanding a comprehensive expatiation on trade facilitation and the TFA. It is essential to systematically delve into the genesis of trade facilitation, revisit the course where the TFA came into being, and analyse the well-turned legalese of the TFA. This book meets this demand.This book is path-breaking in these aspects: it expounds on the rationales for trade facilitation and the significance of constituting an international accord on trade facilitation; it restores the one-century track of the international community’s talks on trade facilitation, from the times of the League of Nations to the WTO era; it reveals how the WTO negotiating mechanisms enabled the TFA to be nailed down, which would be enlightening for trade diplomats engaged in other WTO negotiations; and it provides an in-depth commentary on the TFA articles, which will help stakeholders more accurately understand and implement the Agreement.This book will be especially valuable for government officials and policy-makers, trade practitioners, lawyers, advisers, and scholars interested in international economic law, WTO law, international trade, international relations, and international development studies.

Foreign trade regulation. --- Free trade. --- Trade Facilitation Agreement