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Article
Environmental enrichment reduces the mnemonic and neural benefits of estrogen.
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Year: 2004

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Abstract

The degree to which memory is enhanced by estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women may depend on environmental factors such as education. The present study utilized an animal model of environmental enrichment to determine whether environmental factors influence the mnemonic and neural response to estrogen. Female mice were raised in standard (SC) or enriched (EC) conditions from weaning until adulthood (7 months). All mice were ovariectornized at 10 weeks, and tested in object recognition and water-escape motivated radial arm maze (WRAM) tasks at 6 months. Each day at the completion of training, mice received injections of 0.1 mg/kg cyclodextrin-encapsulated 17-beta-estradiol (E-2), 0.2 mg/kg E-2, or cyclodextrin vehicle (VEH). At the completion of behavioral testing, hippocampal levels of the presynaptic protein synaptophysin and of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were measured. Enrichment effects were evident in VEH-treated mice; relative to SC-VEH females, EC-VEH females committed fewer working memory errors in the WRAM and exhibited increased hippocampal synaptophysin levels. Estrogen effects depended on environmental conditions. E-2 (0.2 mg/kg) improved object memory only in SC females. The same dose improved working memory in SC females, but somewhat impaired working memory in EC females. Furthermore, both doses reduced hippocampal synaptophysin levels in EC, but not SC, females. In contrast, E-2 reduced hippocampal BDNF levels in SC, but not EC, females. This study is the first to compare the effects of estrogen on memory and hippocampal function in enriched and non-enriched female mice. The results suggest that: (1) estrogen benefits object and working memory more in mice raised in non-enriched environments than in those raised in enriched environments, and (2) the changes induced by estrogen and/or enrichment may be associated with alterations in hippocampal synaptic plasticity. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IBRO


Book
Circulating Tumor Cells: Finding Rare Events for A Huge Knowledge of Cancer Dissemination
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ISBN: 3039286994 3039286986 Year: 2020 Publisher: MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

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The analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) as a real-time liquid biopsy approach can be used to obtain new insights into metastasis biology, and as companion diagnostics to improve the stratification of therapies and to obtain insights into the therapy-induced selection of cancer cells. In this book, we will cover all the different facets of CTCs to assemble a huge corpus of knowledge on cancer dissemination: technologies for their enrichment, detection, and characterization; their analysis at the single-cell level; their journey as CTC microemboli; their clinical relevance; their biology with the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT); their stem-cell properties; their potential to initiate metastasis at distant sites; their ex vivo expansion; and their escape from the immune system.

Keywords

n/a --- FOLFIRINOX --- immunofluorescence imaging --- AR-V7 --- circulating tumour cells --- chemoradioresistance --- CTC-based treatment decisions --- rVAR2 --- immunophenotyping --- immune system --- CellSearch® --- flow cytometry --- clinical trials --- circulating tumor DNA --- synaptophysin --- stem cells --- colorectal cancer --- melanoma --- CTC biology --- platelets --- AR --- CTC capture technology --- castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) --- PD-L1 expression --- rovalpituzumab tesirine --- HMB-45 --- thymidylate synthase --- ctDNA --- tumor cell dissemination --- solid cancers --- metastasis --- locally advanced rectal cancer --- miRNA --- epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) --- NSCLC --- tumor biomarkers --- tumor stem cells --- circulating tumor cells --- major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) --- bone marrow --- heterogeneity --- cerebrospinal liquid biopsy --- fish --- glioma --- in vivo flow cytometry --- colorectal surgery --- CellSearch --- single-cell analysis --- disseminated tumor cells --- EasyCount slides --- microsatellite instability --- circulating plasma cells --- circulating leukemia cells --- ARV7 --- SLUG --- androgen receptor --- metastatic colorectal cancer --- leukocyte-derived extracellular vesicles --- prostate cancer (PCa) --- neutrophils --- liquid biopsy --- enzalutamide --- CD133 --- enrichment and detection technologies --- biomarkers --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- biomarker --- RAD23B --- microbiome --- integrin B1 --- ACCEPT --- emboli --- small-cell lung carcinoma --- EPISPOT --- microfluidics --- early breast cancer --- circulating tumor cells (CTC) --- tumor-initiating cells (TICs) --- immunomodulation --- xenograft models --- CTC-derived xenografts --- malaria --- circulating tumor cells (CTCs) --- clinical utility --- exosomes --- liquid surgery --- ctRNA --- CTCs --- epithelial–mesenchymal transition --- targeted therapy --- hematological cells --- gene expression analysis --- hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) --- breast cancer --- EpCAM enrichment --- prostate cancer --- CTC --- abiraterone --- fibronectin --- CTC-derived ex vivo models --- CTMat --- chromogranin A --- CTM --- exosome --- epithelial-mesenchymal transition

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