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Zn electrodeposition in the under- (UPD) and overpotential (OPD) ranges by means of in-situ Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) was examined, supported by in-situ cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometrie. The underpotential deposition of Zn follows a layer-by-layer growth. For the first time the formation of three successive Zn monolayers has been observed in the UPD range. It has been shown, that the UPD of Zn is complicated due to surface alloying. The same growth mechanism extends from the UPD into OPD range until Al bulk deposition sets in. The UPD of Al at 100 mV vs. Zn/Zn(II) is marked by Moiré pattern formation. For the first time in this system the effective tunneling barrier f has been measured by STS. A first insight into the 2D phase formation of electrodeposited Zn at the electrolyte / electrode interface was obtained from STM images at various times and potentials. Before a coherent layer is formed wormlike structures are observed characteristic of spinodal decomposition. This implies a first order phase transition, which has been resolved here for the first time for 2D electrodeposition.

electrochemistry --- spinodal decomposition --- STM --- zinc --- layer growth

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Zn electrodeposition in the under- (UPD) and overpotential (OPD) ranges by means of in-situ Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) was examined, supported by in-situ cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometrie. The underpotential deposition of Zn follows a layer-by-layer growth. For the first time the formation of three successive Zn monolayers has been observed in the UPD range. It has been shown, that the UPD of Zn is complicated due to surface alloying. The same growth mechanism extends from the UPD into OPD range until Al bulk deposition sets in. The UPD of Al at 100 mV vs. Zn/Zn(II) is marked by Moiré pattern formation. For the first time in this system the effective tunneling barrier f has been measured by STS. A first insight into the 2D phase formation of electrodeposited Zn at the electrolyte / electrode interface was obtained from STM images at various times and potentials. Before a coherent layer is formed wormlike structures are observed characteristic of spinodal decomposition. This implies a first order phase transition, which has been resolved here for the first time for 2D electrodeposition.

electrochemistry --- spinodal decomposition --- STM --- zinc --- layer growth --- electrochemistry --- spinodal decomposition --- STM --- zinc --- layer growth

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The book is devoted to the design, application and characterization of thin films and structures, with special emphasis on optical applications. It comprises ten papers—five featured and five regular—authored by scientists all over the world. Diverse materials are studied and their possible applications are demonstrated and discussed—transparent conductive coatings and structures from ZnO doped with Al and Ga and Ti-doped SnO2, polymers and nanosized zeolite thin films for optical sensing, TiO2 with linear and nonlinear optical properties, organic diamagnetic materials, broadband optical coatings, CrWN glass molding coatings, and silicon on insulator waveguides.

Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- faraday rotation --- thin films --- magneto-optics --- organic material --- tolane derivatives --- optical coatings --- monitoring --- deposition --- titanium dioxide --- optical constants --- two-photon absorption --- nonlinear refraction --- scattering --- laser-induced deflection --- absorption measurement --- CrWN coatings --- microstructure evolution --- spinodal decomposition --- thermal stability --- hardness --- plasma enhanced magnetron sputtering --- sidewall roughness --- optical scattering loss --- silicon-on-insulator waveguide --- multilayer --- ZnO --- Ag --- TCO --- transmittance --- structure --- resistance --- SnO2 --- Ti-doped --- annealing temperature --- electrical resistivity --- optical sensors --- optical materials --- zeolites --- ellipsometry --- single wavelength ellipsometry --- spectroscopic ellipsometry --- poly(vinyl alcohol) copolymers --- humidity sensing --- Al-doped ZnO --- ALD technique --- transparent conductive layers --- LC display --- flexible PDLC devices --- transparent conductive coatings --- optical sensing --- broadband design --- linear and non-linear optical properties --- organic diamagnetic materials --- faraday rotation --- thin films --- magneto-optics --- organic material --- tolane derivatives --- optical coatings --- monitoring --- deposition --- titanium dioxide --- optical constants --- two-photon absorption --- nonlinear refraction --- scattering --- laser-induced deflection --- absorption measurement --- CrWN coatings --- microstructure evolution --- spinodal decomposition --- thermal stability --- hardness --- plasma enhanced magnetron sputtering --- sidewall roughness --- optical scattering loss --- silicon-on-insulator waveguide --- multilayer --- ZnO --- Ag --- TCO --- transmittance --- structure --- resistance --- SnO2 --- Ti-doped --- annealing temperature --- electrical resistivity --- optical sensors --- optical materials --- zeolites --- ellipsometry --- single wavelength ellipsometry --- spectroscopic ellipsometry --- poly(vinyl alcohol) copolymers --- humidity sensing --- Al-doped ZnO --- ALD technique --- transparent conductive layers --- LC display --- flexible PDLC devices --- transparent conductive coatings --- optical sensing --- broadband design --- linear and non-linear optical properties --- organic diamagnetic materials

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A gel is a state of matter that consists of a three-dimensional cross-linked polymer network and a large amount of solvent. Because of their structural characteristics, gels play important roles in science and technology. The science of gels has attracted much attention since the discovery of the volume phase transition by Professor Toyoichi Tanala at MIT in 1978. MDPI planned to publish a Special Issue in Gels to celebrate the 40th anniversary of this discovery, which received submissions of 13 original papers and one review from various areas of science. We believe that readers will find this Special Issue informative as to the recent advancements of gel research and the broad background of gel science.

delamination --- n/a --- fractal analysis --- buckling --- artificial hydrogel cartilage --- frictional property --- kinetic coefficient --- paint coating --- scaling analysis --- moving boundary picture --- XRD --- volume phase transition --- fracture --- fatigue --- crack --- gelation temperature --- xerogel --- swelling of thermosensitive gels --- copolymerization --- phase transition dynamics --- wetting --- poly (acryl amide) gel --- swelling --- sucrose --- anisotropic shape --- ice crystallization during rewarming --- micropipette aspiration --- microgel --- crosslink density (density of crosslinks) --- hydrogel --- Sephadex® (crosslinked dextran) --- sol-gel transition --- thermoresponsive property --- compression --- Brunauer-Emmett-Teller theory --- monomer sequence --- microcrystallite --- swelling behavior --- micrometric confinement --- wear --- light scattering --- X-ray CT --- co-crosslinking --- electrophoresis --- gel --- hysteresis --- ice grain --- effects of electric charge --- phase separation --- acrylamide derivative --- Barrett-Joyner-Halenda analysis --- temperature --- xylitol --- agarose gel --- spinodal temperature --- glassy water --- chemical gel --- blood coagulation --- poly(vinyl alcohol) --- pulse field gradient spin echo method of nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG-NMR) --- time domain reflectometry (TDR) of dielectric spectroscopy --- site-bond correlated-percolation model for polymer gelation --- spinodal decomposition --- adhesion --- janus particle --- wrinkle --- friction --- cloud point temperature --- drying --- gamma ray sterilization --- solvent exchange --- solids content --- solvent transport --- heterogeneous gelation dynamics --- PVA gel --- hydrogen bond