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Les oxydes transparents sont des matériaux présentant des propriétés opto-électroniques intéressantes pour de nombreuses applications technologiques. La majorité de ces semi-conducteurs présentent des propriétés électriques associées à un dopage de type-n. Or, le développement de matériaux de type-p présentant des propriétés physiques aussi intéressantes que leurs homologues de type-n est, encore aujourd'hui, un défi pour la communauté scientifique. Dans ce travail, nous avons développé une méthode originale de fabrication de films minces de ZnO dopé. Pour ce faire, nous avons incorporé des nanofils d’argent (AgNWs) entre deux films minces de ZnO déposés par pulvérisation cathodique. Les propriétés physiques de ces composites ont été étudiées suivant la quantité de nanofils ainsi qu’en fonction de la température de recuit de l’échantillon post-synthèse. Le but de cette étude est de mettre en évidence l’impact de l’ajout et de la diffusion des nanofils d’argent dans le ZnO sur les propriétés électriques et optiques de ce composite tout en optimisant la méthode de synthèse des échantillons. Sur base de cette méthodologie, nous avons mis en évidence trois gammes de température de recuit. Jusqu'à 300°C, nous observons une diminution de la résistance électrique suivie d'une augmentation notable à 350°C, toute deux identifiées à l’évolution des propriétés physiques du ZnO. Ensuite, pour des températures de plus de 450°C, nous observons une diminution de la résistivité grâce aux nanofils d'argent. Une valeur optimale pour la densité de nanofils a été déterminée aux alentours de 6.4 µg/cm² pour une température de recuit de 40°C associée à une résistivité de 4.31 Ωcm et une transmittance optique de 73.3% dans le domaine du visible.

Semi-conducteurs --- ZnO --- AgNW --- Dopage --- ZnO:Ag --- Pulvérisation cathodique --- Revêtement centrifuge --- Transmittance --- Résistivité --- Semiconductors --- RF magnetron sputtering --- Spin coating --- transparent conducting oxide --- Physique, chimie, mathématiques & sciences de la terre > Physique

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The direct conversion of sunlight into electricity (photovoltaic or PV for short) is evolving rapidly, and is a technology becoming a mainstream clean energy production method. However, to compete with conventional energy production methods using fossil fuels, the conversion efficiency needs to be increased, and the manufacturing cost should be reduced further. Both of these require the improvement of solar energy materials, and the device architectures used for the conversion of light into electrical energy. This Special Issue presents the latest developments in some solar energy materials like Si, CdTe, CIGS, SnS and Perovskites), and the device structures suitable for next generation solar cells. In particular, the progress in graded bandgap multi-layer solar cells are presented in this Special Issue.

History of engineering & technology --- electroplating --- semiconductors --- large-area electronics --- characterisation --- solar cells --- perovskite solar cell --- hole blocking layer --- solution spin-coating --- TiO2/SnO2 layer --- anti-reflection coating --- potential-induced degradation --- solar cell --- plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition --- organic solar cells --- perovskite solar cells --- encapsulation --- stability --- Cu(In,Ga)Se2 --- mini-module --- numerical simulation --- P1 shunt --- space charge region (SCR) --- TCAD --- transistor effect --- electrodeposition --- CdTe film --- two-electrode configuration --- thin films --- electroplating temperature --- photovoltaic --- CdTe --- CdS --- luminescence --- spectroscopy --- CdSe --- CdTe1−xSex --- photovoltaics --- review --- tin monosulfide --- tin disulfide --- chemical solution process --- absorber --- buffer --- renewable energy --- ethlammonium --- formamidinium --- microstructure --- perovskite --- SnS/SnS2 --- CdS/CdTe --- CIGS --- silicon --- electroplating of semiconductors

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The direct conversion of sunlight into electricity (photovoltaic or PV for short) is evolving rapidly, and is a technology becoming a mainstream clean energy production method. However, to compete with conventional energy production methods using fossil fuels, the conversion efficiency needs to be increased, and the manufacturing cost should be reduced further. Both of these require the improvement of solar energy materials, and the device architectures used for the conversion of light into electrical energy. This Special Issue presents the latest developments in some solar energy materials like Si, CdTe, CIGS, SnS and Perovskites), and the device structures suitable for next generation solar cells. In particular, the progress in graded bandgap multi-layer solar cells are presented in this Special Issue.

electroplating --- semiconductors --- large-area electronics --- characterisation --- solar cells --- perovskite solar cell --- hole blocking layer --- solution spin-coating --- TiO2/SnO2 layer --- anti-reflection coating --- potential-induced degradation --- solar cell --- plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition --- organic solar cells --- perovskite solar cells --- encapsulation --- stability --- Cu(In,Ga)Se2 --- mini-module --- numerical simulation --- P1 shunt --- space charge region (SCR) --- TCAD --- transistor effect --- electrodeposition --- CdTe film --- two-electrode configuration --- thin films --- electroplating temperature --- photovoltaic --- CdTe --- CdS --- luminescence --- spectroscopy --- CdSe --- CdTe1−xSex --- photovoltaics --- review --- tin monosulfide --- tin disulfide --- chemical solution process --- absorber --- buffer --- renewable energy --- ethlammonium --- formamidinium --- microstructure --- perovskite --- SnS/SnS2 --- CdS/CdTe --- CIGS --- silicon --- electroplating of semiconductors

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The conversion and storage of renewable energy sources is key to the transition from a fossil-fuel-based economy to a low-carbon society. Many new game-changing materials have already impacted our lives and contributed to a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, such as high-efficiency photovoltaic cells, blue light-emitting diodes, and cathodes for Li-ion batteries. However, new breakthroughs in materials science and technology are required to boost the clean energy transition. All success stories in materials science are built upon a tailored control of the interconnected processes that take place at the nanoscale, such as charge excitation, charge transport and recombination, ionic diffusion, intercalation, and the interfacial transfer of matter and charge. Nanostructured materials, thanks to their ultra-small building blocks and the high interface-to-volume ratio, offer a rich toolbox to scientists that aspire to improve the energy conversion efficiency or the power and energy density of a material. Furthermore, new phenomena arise in nanoparticles, such as surface plasmon resonance, superparamegntism, and exciton confinement. The ten articles published in this Special Issue showcase the different applications of nanomaterials in the field of energy storage and conversion, including electrodes for Li-ion batteries and beyond, photovoltaic materials, pyroelectric energy harvesting, and (photo)catalytic processes.

nanoparticle --- nanoalloy --- catalyst --- CO2 reduction --- hydrocarbon --- synthetic fuel --- iron --- cobalt --- perovskite solar cell --- hole transport layer --- CuCrO2 nanoparticles --- thermal stability --- light stability --- aluminum ion batteries --- reduced graphene oxide --- tin dioxide --- 3D electrode materials --- mechanical properties --- TiO2 --- azo dye --- wastewater treatment --- photocatalysis --- sodium formate --- dry etching --- black silicon --- photovoltaics --- plasmonics --- heterogeneous catalysis --- nanoparticles --- single molecule localization --- super-resolution microscopy --- surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy --- Li-ion batteries --- anodes --- intermetallics --- silicon --- composites --- nanomaterials --- coating --- mechanochemistry --- zinc sulfide --- wurtzite --- co-precipitation synthesis --- solvent recycling --- green synthesis --- scaling up --- pilot plant --- chalcopyrite compounds --- nanocrystals --- hydrothermal --- spin coating --- EIS --- conductivity --- lithium-ion batteries --- SnO2 --- nanoarray --- anode --- high-rate --- n/a

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Coatings based on hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphates have a significant relevance in several research fields, such as biomaterials, cultural heritage, and water treatment, due to their characteristic properties. Hydroxyapatite can easily accommodate foreign ions, which can either be incorporated into the lattice, thanks to its specific lattice characteristics, or be adsorbed onto its surface. All these substitutions significantly alter the morphology, lattice parameters, and crystallinity of hydroxyapatite so they influence its main properties. These ion substitutions can be sought or can derive from substrate contaminations, which is an important aspect to be evaluated. Finally, this capability can be used to obtain hydroxyapatites with specific properties, such as antibacterial characteristics, among others. For these reasons, the aim of this Special Issue is to document current advances in the field of ion-substituted hydroxyapatites and highlight possible future perspectives regarding their use. Contributions in the form of original articles and review articles are presented, covering different areas of application.

History of engineering & technology --- calcium phosphates --- ion-substituted apatites --- bone regeneration --- plasma-assisted deposition --- solubility --- crystallinity --- composition --- lithium-doped hydroxyapatite coatings --- renewable resources for implant coatings --- pulsed laser deposition --- biocompatibility --- inhibition of microbial biofilms development --- zinc --- hydroxyapatite --- ultrasound measurement --- sol–gel spin coating --- layers --- C. albicans --- S. aureus --- calcium phosphate --- magnesium phosphate --- struvite --- dolomite --- consolidating treatment --- cultural heritage --- ammonium phosphate --- marble --- calcite --- dissolution --- electrodeposition --- protective coatings --- acid attack --- potential --- current --- RF magnetron sputtering --- GLAD --- carbonated hydroxyapatite --- nanomaterials --- coatings --- cave painting --- inorganic consolidant --- ethyl silicate --- TEOS --- non-thermal plasma --- wettability --- bone --- allograft --- autograft --- xenograft --- ion-substituted calcium phosphates --- nanostructured coatings --- calcium phosphates --- ion-substituted apatites --- bone regeneration --- plasma-assisted deposition --- solubility --- crystallinity --- composition --- lithium-doped hydroxyapatite coatings --- renewable resources for implant coatings --- pulsed laser deposition --- biocompatibility --- inhibition of microbial biofilms development --- zinc --- hydroxyapatite --- ultrasound measurement --- sol–gel spin coating --- layers --- C. albicans --- S. aureus --- calcium phosphate --- magnesium phosphate --- struvite --- dolomite --- consolidating treatment --- cultural heritage --- ammonium phosphate --- marble --- calcite --- dissolution --- electrodeposition --- protective coatings --- acid attack --- potential --- current --- RF magnetron sputtering --- GLAD --- carbonated hydroxyapatite --- nanomaterials --- coatings --- cave painting --- inorganic consolidant --- ethyl silicate --- TEOS --- non-thermal plasma --- wettability --- bone --- allograft --- autograft --- xenograft --- ion-substituted calcium phosphates --- nanostructured coatings