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Semi-solid metal (SSM) processing, as a viable alternative manufacturing route to those of conventional casting and forging, has not yet been fully exploited despite nearly half a century since its introduction to the metal industry. The slow pace of adopting SSM routes may be due to various reasons, including capital costs, profit margins, and, most importantly, the lack of detailed analysis of various SSM processes in open literature to confidently establish their advantages over more conventional routes. Therefore, the SSM community must disseminate their findings more effectively to generate increased confidence in SSM processes in the eyes of our industrial leaders. As such, we have embarked on the task to invite the leaders in SSM research to share their findings in a Special Issue dedicated to semi-solid processing of metals and composites. SSM processing takes advantage of both forming and shaping characteristics usually employed for liquid and solid materials. In the absence of shear forces, the semi-solid metal has similar characteristics to solids, i.e., easily transferred and shaped; by applying a defined force, the viscosity is reduced and the material flows like a liquid. These unique dual characteristics have made SSM routes attractive alternatives to conventional casting on an industrial scale. With the intention of taking full advantage of SSM characteristics, it is crucial to understand SSM processing, including topics such as solidification and structural evolution, flow behavior through modelling and rheology, new processes and process control, alloy development, and properties in general. This Special Issue focuses on the recent research and findings in the field with the aim of filling the gap between industry and academia, and to shed light on some of the fundamentals of science and technology of semi-solid processing.

History of engineering & technology --- 7075 aluminum alloy --- thixoforming --- post-welding-heat treatment --- electron beam welding (EBW) --- nano-sized SiC particle --- wear rate --- friction coefficient --- rheoformed --- thixoformed --- semi-solid --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- wear --- corrosion --- Al-Si alloys --- rheocasting --- HPDC --- electrochemical evaluation --- rheological model --- semi-solid state --- Mg alloys --- high-temperature rheology --- rheological properties --- rheology --- semi-solid alloys --- thixotropy --- rheometer --- compression test --- viscosity --- semi-solid material --- A356 alloy --- electromagnetic stirring --- compression --- primary α-Al particle --- enclosed cooling slope channel --- ZCuSn10P1 --- microstructure refinement --- properties --- thixowelding --- thixojoining --- semisolid joining --- cold-work tool steel --- semisolid processing --- thixoformability --- Fe-rich Al-Si-Cu alloy --- 2024 aluminum matrix composites --- Al2O3 nanoparticles --- polarized light microscopy --- anodic etching --- EBSD --- grain --- globule --- Al-Si alloy --- semi-solid metal processing --- EMS --- thixocasting --- 7075 aluminum alloy --- thixoforming --- post-welding-heat treatment --- electron beam welding (EBW) --- nano-sized SiC particle --- wear rate --- friction coefficient --- rheoformed --- thixoformed --- semi-solid --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- wear --- corrosion --- Al-Si alloys --- rheocasting --- HPDC --- electrochemical evaluation --- rheological model --- semi-solid state --- Mg alloys --- high-temperature rheology --- rheological properties --- rheology --- semi-solid alloys --- thixotropy --- rheometer --- compression test --- viscosity --- semi-solid material --- A356 alloy --- electromagnetic stirring --- compression --- primary α-Al particle --- enclosed cooling slope channel --- ZCuSn10P1 --- microstructure refinement --- properties --- thixowelding --- thixojoining --- semisolid joining --- cold-work tool steel --- semisolid processing --- thixoformability --- Fe-rich Al-Si-Cu alloy --- 2024 aluminum matrix composites --- Al2O3 nanoparticles --- polarized light microscopy --- anodic etching --- EBSD --- grain --- globule --- Al-Si alloy --- semi-solid metal processing --- EMS --- thixocasting

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Semi-solid metal (SSM) processing, as a viable alternative manufacturing route to those of conventional casting and forging, has not yet been fully exploited despite nearly half a century since its introduction to the metal industry. The slow pace of adopting SSM routes may be due to various reasons, including capital costs, profit margins, and, most importantly, the lack of detailed analysis of various SSM processes in open literature to confidently establish their advantages over more conventional routes. Therefore, the SSM community must disseminate their findings more effectively to generate increased confidence in SSM processes in the eyes of our industrial leaders. As such, we have embarked on the task to invite the leaders in SSM research to share their findings in a Special Issue dedicated to semi-solid processing of metals and composites. SSM processing takes advantage of both forming and shaping characteristics usually employed for liquid and solid materials. In the absence of shear forces, the semi-solid metal has similar characteristics to solids, i.e., easily transferred and shaped; by applying a defined force, the viscosity is reduced and the material flows like a liquid. These unique dual characteristics have made SSM routes attractive alternatives to conventional casting on an industrial scale. With the intention of taking full advantage of SSM characteristics, it is crucial to understand SSM processing, including topics such as solidification and structural evolution, flow behavior through modelling and rheology, new processes and process control, alloy development, and properties in general. This Special Issue focuses on the recent research and findings in the field with the aim of filling the gap between industry and academia, and to shed light on some of the fundamentals of science and technology of semi-solid processing.

7075 aluminum alloy --- thixoforming --- post-welding-heat treatment --- electron beam welding (EBW) --- nano-sized SiC particle --- wear rate --- friction coefficient --- rheoformed --- thixoformed --- semi-solid --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- wear --- corrosion --- Al–Si alloys --- rheocasting --- HPDC --- electrochemical evaluation --- rheological model --- semi-solid state --- Mg alloys --- high-temperature rheology --- rheological properties --- rheology --- semi-solid alloys --- thixotropy --- rheometer --- compression test --- viscosity --- semi-solid material --- A356 alloy --- electromagnetic stirring --- compression --- primary α-Al particle --- enclosed cooling slope channel --- ZCuSn10P1 --- microstructure refinement --- properties --- thixowelding --- thixojoining --- semisolid joining --- cold-work tool steel --- semisolid processing --- thixoformability --- Fe-rich Al-Si-Cu alloy --- 2024 aluminum matrix composites --- Al2O3 nanoparticles --- polarized light microscopy --- anodic etching --- EBSD --- grain --- globule --- Al-Si alloy --- semi-solid metal processing --- EMS --- thixocasting --- n/a --- Al-Si alloys

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Welding remains one of the most studied manufacturing processes worldwide. It has always assumed a vital importance in terms of research, and the market demand for increasingly complex solutions has kept the search for new solutions around welding more and more alive. This book describes, in 14 chapters, recent investigations around various welding processes, showing new developments in important areas, such as biomedicine or the automotive industry. Following the current trend, several developments around the friction stir welding process are also described. However, other processes are also studied, and new interesting developments are presented. Problems normally felt in welding, such as the installation of internal stresses or the generation of defects are also studied, and very interesting solutions are provided. Thus, this book is of particular importance for a very wide audience, ranging from the technician who is curious to want to know more and more, to the professor who seeks the latest developments in the matter to prepare his classes.

spot welding --- hot-stamped hardened steel --- microstructure --- martensite --- bainite --- friction stir welding --- aluminium alloys --- forced air cooling --- microstructures --- tensile strength --- hardness distribution --- ferritic stainless steel --- cerium --- solidification crack --- Trans-varestraint test --- beryllium-copper alloy --- mechanical properties --- post-weld heat treatment --- high-power ultrasonic welding --- interface --- magnesium --- cu interlayer --- intermetallic compound --- material flow --- finite element model --- temperature field --- welding defects --- brazing --- titanium --- alumina --- interfacial microstructure --- FSSW --- dissimilar metals --- interface behavior --- impact properties --- residual stresses --- neutron diffraction --- hardness --- precipitation --- wear-resistant martensitic steel --- submerged arc welding (SAW) --- heat treatment --- structures --- hardness changes --- Hardox Extreme steel --- bobbin friction stir welding --- materials flow --- metallography --- AA6082-T6 --- weld defect --- aluminum alloy --- heterogeneity --- mechanical --- P91 steel --- heat-resistant steels --- welding --- PWHT --- welds characterization --- heat-treatment processing time --- sustainability --- ultrasonic vibration --- dissimilar metal --- semi-solid status --- microstructure evolution

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Cellular solids and porous metals have become some of the most promising lightweight multifunctional materials due to their superior combination of advanced properties mainly derived from their base material and cellular structure. They are used in a wide range of commercial, biomedical, industrial, and military applications. In contrast to other cellular materials, cellular metals are non-flammable, recyclable, extremely tough, and chemically stable and are excellent energy absorbers. The manuscripts of this Special Issue provide a representative insight into the recent developments in this field, covering topics related to manufacturing, characterization, properties, specific challenges in transportation, and the description of structural features. For example, a presented strategy for the strengthening of Al-alloy foams is the addition of alloying elements (e.g., magnesium) into the metal bulk matrix to promote the formation of intermetallics (e.g., precipitation hardening). The incorporation of micro-sized and nano-sized reinforcement elements (e.g., carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide) into the metal bulk matrix to enhance the performance of the ductile metal is presented. New bioinspired cellular materials, such as nanocomposite foams, lattice materials, and hybrid foams and structures are also discussed (e.g., filled hollow structures, metal-polymer hybrid cellular structures).

Technology: general issues --- semi-solid --- aluminum foam --- primary crystals --- SIMA process --- slope casting --- pore morphology --- aluminium alloy foam --- recycling --- beverage cans --- direct foaming method --- A-242 alloy --- cellular materials --- composites --- friction welding --- foam --- recycle --- compression test --- precipitation phase --- age hardening --- aluminum alloy foams --- powder metallurgy --- continuous production --- mechanical properties --- gradient compressed porous metal --- sound absorption performance --- optimal parameters --- theoretical modeling --- cuckoo search algorithm --- finite element simulation --- experimental validation --- enclosed gas --- anisotropy --- elasticity --- plasticity --- multiaxial yielding --- open-cell aluminum foam --- epoxy resin --- graphene oxide --- hybrid structures --- mechanical --- thermal and acoustic properties --- metal foam --- aluminum alloys --- grain refinement --- modification --- microstructure --- mechanics of materials --- metallurgy --- melt treatment --- CALPHAD --- liquid fraction, X-ray diffraction --- X-ray radioscopy --- X-ray tomography --- X-ray tomoscopy --- porous metal --- drainage --- clogging --- lattice material --- topology optimisation --- crystal inspiration --- energy absorption --- cellular metals --- X-ray computed tomography --- infrared thermography --- mechanical characterization --- thermal characterization --- acoustic characterization --- open-cell foam --- polyurethane foam --- graphene-based materials --- nanocomposites --- unidirectional cellular structure --- porosity --- fabrication --- explosive compaction --- metallography --- computational simulation --- experimental tests --- aluminum matrix foam composite (AMFC) --- MWCNT --- chemical oxidation --- electroless deposition nickel --- expansion --- semi-solid --- aluminum foam --- primary crystals --- SIMA process --- slope casting --- pore morphology --- aluminium alloy foam --- recycling --- beverage cans --- direct foaming method --- A-242 alloy --- cellular materials --- composites --- friction welding --- foam --- recycle --- compression test --- precipitation phase --- age hardening --- aluminum alloy foams --- powder metallurgy --- continuous production --- mechanical properties --- gradient compressed porous metal --- sound absorption performance --- optimal parameters --- theoretical modeling --- cuckoo search algorithm --- finite element simulation --- experimental validation --- enclosed gas --- anisotropy --- elasticity --- plasticity --- multiaxial yielding --- open-cell aluminum foam --- epoxy resin --- graphene oxide --- hybrid structures --- mechanical --- thermal and acoustic properties --- metal foam --- aluminum alloys --- grain refinement --- modification --- microstructure --- mechanics of materials --- metallurgy --- melt treatment --- CALPHAD --- liquid fraction, X-ray diffraction --- X-ray radioscopy --- X-ray tomography --- X-ray tomoscopy --- porous metal --- drainage --- clogging --- lattice material --- topology optimisation --- crystal inspiration --- energy absorption --- cellular metals --- X-ray computed tomography --- infrared thermography --- mechanical characterization --- thermal characterization --- acoustic characterization --- open-cell foam --- polyurethane foam --- graphene-based materials --- nanocomposites --- unidirectional cellular structure --- porosity --- fabrication --- explosive compaction --- metallography --- computational simulation --- experimental tests --- aluminum matrix foam composite (AMFC) --- MWCNT --- chemical oxidation --- electroless deposition nickel --- expansion

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Cellular solids and porous metals have become some of the most promising lightweight multifunctional materials due to their superior combination of advanced properties mainly derived from their base material and cellular structure. They are used in a wide range of commercial, biomedical, industrial, and military applications. In contrast to other cellular materials, cellular metals are non-flammable, recyclable, extremely tough, and chemically stable and are excellent energy absorbers. The manuscripts of this Special Issue provide a representative insight into the recent developments in this field, covering topics related to manufacturing, characterization, properties, specific challenges in transportation, and the description of structural features. For example, a presented strategy for the strengthening of Al-alloy foams is the addition of alloying elements (e.g., magnesium) into the metal bulk matrix to promote the formation of intermetallics (e.g., precipitation hardening). The incorporation of micro-sized and nano-sized reinforcement elements (e.g., carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide) into the metal bulk matrix to enhance the performance of the ductile metal is presented. New bioinspired cellular materials, such as nanocomposite foams, lattice materials, and hybrid foams and structures are also discussed (e.g., filled hollow structures, metal-polymer hybrid cellular structures).

semi-solid --- aluminum foam --- primary crystals --- SIMA process --- slope casting --- pore morphology --- aluminium alloy foam --- recycling --- beverage cans --- direct foaming method --- A-242 alloy --- cellular materials --- composites --- friction welding --- foam --- recycle --- compression test --- precipitation phase --- age hardening --- aluminum alloy foams --- powder metallurgy --- continuous production --- mechanical properties --- gradient compressed porous metal --- sound absorption performance --- optimal parameters --- theoretical modeling --- cuckoo search algorithm --- finite element simulation --- experimental validation --- enclosed gas --- anisotropy --- elasticity --- plasticity --- multiaxial yielding --- open-cell aluminum foam --- epoxy resin --- graphene oxide --- hybrid structures --- mechanical --- thermal and acoustic properties --- metal foam --- aluminum alloys --- grain refinement --- modification --- microstructure --- mechanics of materials --- metallurgy --- melt treatment --- CALPHAD --- liquid fraction, X-ray diffraction --- X-ray radioscopy --- X-ray tomography --- X-ray tomoscopy --- porous metal --- drainage --- clogging --- lattice material --- topology optimisation --- crystal inspiration --- energy absorption --- cellular metals --- X-ray computed tomography --- infrared thermography --- mechanical characterization --- thermal characterization --- acoustic characterization --- open-cell foam --- polyurethane foam --- graphene-based materials --- nanocomposites --- unidirectional cellular structure --- porosity --- fabrication --- explosive compaction --- metallography --- computational simulation --- experimental tests --- aluminum matrix foam composite (AMFC) --- MWCNT --- chemical oxidation --- electroless deposition nickel --- expansion --- n/a