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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) has spread worldwide from the beginning of 2020. The infection is mostly asymptomatic but some patients may develop COVID‑19 (coronavirus disease 2019) with a severe or critical course leading to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiorgan failure. Apart from the virus‑related damage of the lungs, pathomechanism of the disease seems to be linked to thromboembolism and inflammation accompanied by overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines, termed a cytokine storm, responsible for multiorgan damage and death. Since the development of a new therapeutic molecule, dedicated strictly to a particular virus is time‑consuming, physicians and scientists have started to test and repurpose old medications. Unfortunately, after one year of pandemics, there is still a lack of optimal therapy and no clear indicators of recovery. A major issue is also insufficient knowledge on predictors of the severe or deadly course of the disease, which could also help to switch from one therapeutic option to another. Due to many gaps still existing in the management of COVID-19, there is a need for the accumulation of new data particularly from real-world experience, which could be applicable to practice guidelines. The objective of this special issue of the Journal of Clinical Medicine is to provide an update on the mangement for the diagnostic workup and pharmacotherapy of SARS‑CoV‑2 infection.

Medicine --- COVID-19 --- SARS-CoV-2 --- interleukin-6 --- tocilizumab --- therapy --- coronavirus disease 2019 --- cytokines --- severity --- prognosis --- mortality --- kidney failure --- rapid diagnostic test --- antigen detection --- Cytomegalovirus --- co-infections --- critical care --- liver markers --- inflammation --- morbidity --- personalized medicine --- liver functional tests --- COVID-19 pneumonia --- meta-analysis --- trial sequential analysis --- children --- clinical presentation --- coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) --- epidemiology --- severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) --- clinical outcome --- symptomatology --- pandemic --- angiotensin 1 receptor (AT1R) --- AT1R concentration --- angiotensin II --- symptoms’ severity --- diagnosis --- artificial intelligence --- medical imaging --- systematic umbrella review --- methodological credibility --- PCR test --- COVID-19 diagnosis --- Charlson Comorbidities Index --- cluster analysis --- longitudinal cluster --- individualized management --- n/a --- symptoms' severity

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This timely collection of expert papers draws attention to the global burden of meningitis and the challenges faced by the WHO’s roadmap to defeat meningitis by 2030. The three main goals of the meningitis roadmap are to eliminate epidemics of bacterial meningitis, reduce cases and deaths from vaccine-preventable bacterial meningitis, and reduce disability and improve quality of life after meningitis of any cause. This book includes a wide range of original research and reviews on epidemiology and vaccination of bacterial meningitis that have direct relevance to advancing the goals of the roadmap.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- meningitis --- child mortality --- neonatal sepsis --- global health --- global health estimates --- modelling --- Streptococcus pneumoniae --- Haemophilus influenzae --- Neisseria meningitidis --- bacterial meningitis --- S. pneumoniae --- N. meningitidis --- H. influenzae --- S. agalactiae --- conjugate vaccines --- post-vaccine surveillance --- vaccine --- Africa --- mathematical modelling --- susceptibility --- invasive bacterial infections --- complement --- genetic factors --- Streptococcus agalactiae --- group B streptococci --- capsule --- meningococcal group --- nongroupable --- meningococcal carriage --- invasive meningococcal disease --- meningococcal urethritis --- neonatal infections --- epidemiology --- antibiotic resistance --- etiologic diagnosis --- enterovirus --- group B Streptococcus --- neurological sequelae --- hearing loss --- seizure --- epilepsy --- hydrocephalus --- focal neurological deficit --- corticosteroid --- dexamethasone --- invasive pneumococcal disease --- pneumococcal conjugate vaccines --- serotypes --- vaccine impact --- pneumococcal meningitis --- serotype distribution --- PCV impact --- global --- meta-analysis --- surveillance --- meningococcus --- pneumococcus --- Hib --- group B streptococcus --- conjugate vaccine --- rapid diagnostic test --- national reference laboratory --- cerebrospinal fluid --- Niger --- Burkina Faso --- tuberculosis --- tuberculous meningitis --- TBM --- children --- impact of Hib conjugate vaccine --- Hia --- NTHi --- burden --- social and economic costs --- WHO meningitis roadmap --- disability --- meningitis --- child mortality --- neonatal sepsis --- global health --- global health estimates --- modelling --- Streptococcus pneumoniae --- Haemophilus influenzae --- Neisseria meningitidis --- bacterial meningitis --- S. pneumoniae --- N. meningitidis --- H. influenzae --- S. agalactiae --- conjugate vaccines --- post-vaccine surveillance --- vaccine --- Africa --- mathematical modelling --- susceptibility --- invasive bacterial infections --- complement --- genetic factors --- Streptococcus agalactiae --- group B streptococci --- capsule --- meningococcal group --- nongroupable --- meningococcal carriage --- invasive meningococcal disease --- meningococcal urethritis --- neonatal infections --- epidemiology --- antibiotic resistance --- etiologic diagnosis --- enterovirus --- group B Streptococcus --- neurological sequelae --- hearing loss --- seizure --- epilepsy --- hydrocephalus --- focal neurological deficit --- corticosteroid --- dexamethasone --- invasive pneumococcal disease --- pneumococcal conjugate vaccines --- serotypes --- vaccine impact --- pneumococcal meningitis --- serotype distribution --- PCV impact --- global --- meta-analysis --- surveillance --- meningococcus --- pneumococcus --- Hib --- group B streptococcus --- conjugate vaccine --- rapid diagnostic test --- national reference laboratory --- cerebrospinal fluid --- Niger --- Burkina Faso --- tuberculosis --- tuberculous meningitis --- TBM --- children --- impact of Hib conjugate vaccine --- Hia --- NTHi --- burden --- social and economic costs --- WHO meningitis roadmap --- disability