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Students in twelfth-century Paris held slanging matches, branding the English drunkards, the Germans madmen and the French as arrogant. On crusade, army recruits from different ethnic backgrounds taunted each other's military skills. Men producing ethnography in monasteries and at court drafted derogatory descriptions of peoples dwelling in territories under colonisation, questioning their work ethic, social organisation, religious devotion and humanness. Monks listed and ruminated on the alleged traits of Jews, Saracens, Greeks, Saxons and Britons and their acceptance or rejection of Christianity.

In this radical new approach to representations of nationhood in medieval western Europe, the author argues that ethnic stereotypes were constructed and wielded rhetorically to justify property claims, flaunt military strength and assert moral and cultural ascendance over others. The gendered images of ethnicity in circulation reflect a negotiation over self-representations of discipline, rationality and strength, juxtaposed with the alleged chaos and weakness of racialised others. Interpreting nationhood through a religious lens, monks and schoolmen explained it as scientifically informed by environmental medicine, an ancient theory that held that location and climate influenced the physical and mental traits of peoples. Drawing on lists of ethnic character traits, school textbooks, medical treatises, proverbs, poetry and chronicles, this book shows that ethnic stereotypes served as rhetorical tools of power, crafting relationships within communities and towards others.

Ethnicity --- Power (Social sciences) --- Stereotypes (Social psychology) --- Medicine, Medieval. --- Civilization, Medieval --- History --- Europe --- Religion. --- Medicine --- To 1500 --- Europe. --- Ethnicity. --- cultural stereotypes. --- identity. --- medieval Europe. --- medieval history. --- power dynamics. --- racial stereotypes. --- racialized others. --- religion.

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Black & Blue is the first systematic description of how American doctors think about racial differences and how this kind of thinking affects the treatment of their black patients. The standard studies of medical racism examine past medical abuses of black people and do not address the racially motivated thinking and behaviors of physicians practicing medicine today.Black & Blue penetrates the physician's private sphere where racial fantasies and misinformation distort diagnoses and treatments. Doctors have always absorbed the racial stereotypes and folkloric beliefs about racial differences that permeate the general population. Within the world of medicine this racial folklore has infiltrated all of the medical sub-disciplines, from cardiology to gynecology to psychiatry. Doctors have thus imposed white or black racial identities upon every organ system of the human body, along with racial interpretations of black children, the black elderly, the black athlete, black musicality, black pain thresholds, and other aspects of black minds and bodies. The American medical establishment does not readily absorb either historical or current information about medical racism. For this reason, racial enlightenment will not reach medical schools until the current race-aversive curricula include new historical and sociological perspectives.

SOCIAL SCIENCE / Anthropology / General --- Health services accessibility --- African Americans --- Minorities --- Discrimination in medical care --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Negroes --- Africans --- Ethnology --- Blacks --- Medical care --- Prejudice --- Health Services Accessibility --- Minority Health --- Accessibility, Health Services --- Contraceptive Availability --- Health Services Geographic Accessibility --- Program Accessibility --- Access To Medicines --- Access to Contraception --- Access to Health Care --- Access to Health Services --- Access to Medications --- Access to Therapy --- Access to Treatment --- Accessibility of Health Services --- Availability of Health Services --- Contraception Access --- Contraceptive Access --- Medication Access --- Access To Medicine --- Access to Contraceptions --- Access to Medication --- Access to Therapies --- Access to Treatments --- Access, Contraception --- Access, Contraceptive --- Access, Medication --- Accessibility, Program --- Availability, Contraceptive --- Contraception, Access to --- Contraceptive Accesses --- Health Services Availability --- Medication Accesses --- Medication, Access to --- Therapy, Access to --- Treatment, Access to --- Medically Underserved Area --- Anti-Semitism --- Implicit Bias --- Islamophobia --- Anti Semitism --- Anti-Semitisms --- Bia, Implicit --- Bias, Implicit --- Islamophobias --- Prejudices --- ethnology --- history --- United States. --- #SBIB:316.334.3M51 --- #SBIB:316.8H16 --- #SBIB:39A6 --- #SBIB:39A9 --- Organisatie van de gezondheidszorg: modellen van therapeutisch handelen --- Welzijns- en sociale problemen: migranten, rassenrelaties --- Etniciteit / Migratiebeleid en -problemen --- Medische antropologie / gezondheid / handicaps --- Access To Care, Health --- Access to Care --- Access to Medicines --- Access to Cares --- Access to Medicine --- Care, Access to --- Cares, Access to --- Medicine, Access to --- Medicines, Access to --- Black people --- Accessibilities, Health Services --- African-Americans --- Negro --- African American --- African-American --- Afro-American --- Afro American --- Afro Americans --- American, African --- American, Black --- Black American --- access to healthcare. --- african americans and healthcare. --- american doctors. --- american health care. --- american healthcare. --- bioethics. --- books for healthcare professionals. --- books for med students. --- books for pa students. --- books for physicians. --- diagnosis and treatment. --- discrimination and racism. --- health and race. --- healthcare and racism. --- medical code of ethics. --- medical discrimination. --- medical ethics. --- medical humanities. --- medical racism. --- medicine and racism. --- race in america. --- racial stereotypes. --- sociology and medicine.