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First in a new class of chemotherapeutic agents, bortezomib is used in the treatment of multiple myeloma cancer. By targeting the proteasome, it prevents the survival mechanism of cancerous celis. Recent research of the survival mechanisms, which allows cancer ceils to proliferate in hostile environments, has led to the realization that the proteasome is critical to the development and progression of many types of cancer. Bortezomib has therefore been accepted in preclinical and clinical studies to evaluate its therapeutic usefulness in other types of cancer such as multiple myeloma, in inflammatory and for autoimmune diseases Premier médicament d’une toute nouvelle classe d’agents chimiothérapeutiques, le bortezomib est utilisé dans le traitement du myélome multiple. En ciblant le protéasome, il empêche les cellules cancéreuses du myélome de promouvoir des mécanismes de survie. Aujourd’hui, l’étude des mécanismes qui permettent aux cellules cancéreuses de proliférer dans des environnements hostiles a conduit à la conclusion que le protéasome représente un système dont le bon fonctionnement est critique pour le développement et la progression de nombreux cancers. Le bortezomib a dès lors fait son entrée dans une multitude d’études précliniques et cliniques pour évaluer son intérêt thérapeutique dans d’autres types de cancers que le myélome ainsi que dans les maladies inflammatoires et auto-immunes.

Multiple Myeloma --- Carcinoma --- Melanoma --- Hematologic Neoplasms --- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex --- bortezomib

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ATPases Associated with diverse cellular Activities (AAA+) comprise a superfamily of proteins that are defined by the presence of the AAA+ domain containing canonical Walker A and B motifs required for ATP binding and hydrolysis. Members of this superfamily act on other proteins, DNA, RNA, or multicomponent complexes to affect their conformation or their assembly. There have been substantial advances in understanding the structure and mechanism of function of a large number of AAA+ proteins. In this Research Topic, review articles and original research papers discuss new aspects as well as provide a detailed overview of several AAA+ proteins, namely: ClpXP, Lon, ClpB, Hsp104, p97, AAA+ proteins of the proteasome, Rubisco activases, Torsin, Pontin, and Reptin.

ATPases Associated with diverse cellular Activities --- Hsp104 --- Torsin --- Pontin --- Lon --- Rubisco activase --- ClpXP --- Reptin --- p97 --- Proteasome

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Environmental stress factors negatively affect plant growth by inducing proteins dysfunction. As coping strategies, plant have developed a comprehensive protein quality controlling system (PQCS) to keep proteins homeostasis. In this research topic of “Protein Quality Controlling Systems in Plant Responses to Environmental Stresses”, some latest researches and opinions in this field, including heat shock proteins (HSPs), unfolded protein response (UPR), ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy, were reported, aiming to provide novel insights for increasing crop production under environmental challenges.

unfolded protein response --- proteasome --- environmental stress --- autophagy --- plant --- heat shock proteins

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Environmental stress factors negatively affect plant growth by inducing proteins dysfunction. As coping strategies, plant have developed a comprehensive protein quality controlling system (PQCS) to keep proteins homeostasis. In this research topic of “Protein Quality Controlling Systems in Plant Responses to Environmental Stresses”, some latest researches and opinions in this field, including heat shock proteins (HSPs), unfolded protein response (UPR), ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy, were reported, aiming to provide novel insights for increasing crop production under environmental challenges.

unfolded protein response --- proteasome --- environmental stress --- autophagy --- plant --- heat shock proteins

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Proteolysis by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) in the nervous system has been extensively studied both in the context of normal physiological function as well as abnormal pathological conditions. Although ubiquitin was used as a marker of brain pathology, the normal functions of the UPP were not studied much in the nervous system until the 1990s. The early investigations focused on synaptic plasticity which was followed by studies on the roles of protein degradation in the development of the nervous system. Research on the role of abnormal roles of the UPP follows a parallel trajectory. Since the 2000s, the field has grown to encompass many subareas of research and several model systems. Despite the progress made, many unanswered questions still remain. For example, there are many unknowns about the precise spatial and temporal control of protein degradation in the normal nervous system. With respect to the roles of proteolysis in brain pathology a major challenge is to elucidate the connection between impaired protein degradation and disease progression. In addition, in-depth studies of the roles of ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated proteolysis in neurodegenerative diseases are promising in identifying therapeutic targets. This ebook contains original research papers and insightful reviews that cover several aspects of proteolysis by the UPP and its physiological as well as pathological functions in the nervous system.

proteasome --- memory --- neuroinflammation --- neurodegenerative --- synaptic plasticity --- aging --- deubiquitinating --- Huntington's disease --- Alzheimer's disease --- glutamate receptors --- proteasome --- memory --- neuroinflammation --- neurodegenerative --- synaptic plasticity --- aging --- deubiquitinating --- Huntington's disease --- Alzheimer's disease --- glutamate receptors